A Note on Sesame Gall Midge Sphondylia Sesami Felt. (Diptera; Cecidomyidae) in the Blue Nile State, Sudan
Abstract
Sesame gall midge Asphondylia sesami is one of important pest on sesame in the Sudan . A survey was carried out in the Blue Nile State- Sudan, season 2017/2018, the same observation was done in South Kordafan state 2007/2008 for sesame gall midge damage determination on sesame. The damage observed by the maggot feed inside the floral buds and young capsule leading to formation of galls. Three sites was surveyed for sesame gall midge incidence, four farms per site and three unit area per farm were selected, the damage were taken on buds and capsules. it was observed that high infestation was record in late sowing date throughout different sites, the damage which affected on yield was observed on buds and flowers which wither and drop.
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Introduction
Sesame (Sesamum indicum Linnaeus) is an important oilseed crop mainly grown in tropics and sub-tropics and major producing countries are India, China, Turkey, Myanmar, Pakistan, Egypt, Sudan, Greece, Venezuela, Argentina, Colombia, Nicaragua, Elsalvador, Mexico and USA. Sesame is a warm weather crop and is often grown under marginal or stressed conditions (Rojeet, 2012). Sesame indicum L. is an oil seed crop, with oil contents varying between 40% and 60% according to crop variety. Sesame is a major oil crop produced in Sudan under mechanized and traditional rainfed system of the central clay plains (Gadarif and Blue Nile States) and on clay and qoz lands of western Sudan (Kordofan and Darfur States). Sudan is also one of the largest exporters of sesame ranking second in the world as it exported about 124000 tons annually on average about 18.3% of total worlds exports (Hala, 2010)
The sesame crop attack by many pests: leaf webber and capsule borer (Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel), red hairy caterpillar (Amsacta albistriga Walker), horn worm (Acherontia styx Westwood), pod bug (Elasmolomus sordidus Fabricius) and also the phytoplasma disease phyllody transmitted by Orosius albicinctus Distant. (Diraviam, 2014).
Sesame gall midge Asphondylia sesami restricted to East Africa and Southern India (Ahuja, et al. 2001). The sesame gall midge reported as a major pest from Maharashtra (India). The incidence of the pest is common during flowering period of sesame and number of generation will be increased due to staggered sowing as well as inclusion different verities of sesame (Baskaran, et. al. 1997).
Phillips (1977) reported that gall midge Asphondylia sesami is one of the main insects pest of sesame in Nigeria. In Sudan the pest was reported by Schmutterer (1969), occurs in the southern Fung (Tozi), in Nuba Mountains (Kadugli, Talodi) and in Equatoria Province (Magwe, Yei).
Conclusion
It was observed that high infestation was record in late sowing date throughout different sites, the damage which affected on yield was observed on buds and flowers which wither and drop, Moreover early sown crop escaped the pest attacks with a light infestation on tender plants. The infestation on flowers was high than that on capsules.
References
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