A Review on Biorational Formulations and Their Role in Pest Control
Abstract
The primary problem confronting global agriculture today is to satisfy the escalating food requirements of a burgeoning population while managing evolving patterns of insect pest infestations and environmental circumstances. Insects are the most diverse assemblage of organisms on Earth, with numerous species offering significant ecological and economic advantages to humanity. However, certain insect species impose considerable harm on crops by feeding directly and by transmission of viral and other diseases to plants and humans indirectly. These harmful insects are commonly referred to as insect pests. The widespread application of synthetic chemical pesticides has elicited societal concern due to their detrimental impacts on human health, non-target species, and the ecosystem. Given these conditions, there is a growing necessity to implement biologically derived insecticides as safer as well as sustainable options. In this context, biorational pesticides have gained considerable attention in recent years. Being primarily of natural origin, these pesticides exert minimal negative impacts on the environment while providing effective control of insect pests. Insect pests continue to pose serious threats to agricultural productivity, food security, and public health worldwide. Biorational formulations have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional pesticides by utilizing naturally occurring compounds and ecological principles to manage pest populations effectively. The present review comprises the recent knowledge on biorational formulations and their applications in insect pest management. It also examines various strategies for the formulation and deployment of biorational products within integrated pest management (IPM) programs, highlighting their potential to promote sustainable, environmentally friendly, and effective pest control practices.
Keywords
Download Options
Introduction
Pests are organisms that damage or interfere with desirable plants in agricultural fields, orchards, forests, and landscapes. A pest may be defined as any organism whose population exceeds the economic injury level and adversely affects human welfare, convenience, health, or profit (Pedigo and Rice, 2014). Numerous insect pests and diseases threaten economically important agricultural, horticultural, and ornamental crops, leading to substantial yield and quality losses worldwide (Oerke, 2006).
Pest control denotes the regulation or management of organisms deemed pests due to their detrimental impacts on human well-being, environmental health, or the economy. It is an essential component of crop protection and hygiene management aimed at minimizing pest-related losses (Dent and Binks, 2020). Although many pests can be harmful when present in homes, commercial establishments, or food-processing areas, it is important to recognize their ecological roles within food webs and ecosystems. Therefore, pest populations are often managed and controlled rather than completely eradicated (Kogan, 1998).
The widespread application of chemical pesticides has greatly enhanced crop protection; however, it has also resulted in soil, water, food, and environmental contamination (Pimentel and Burgess, 2014). While modern agricultural practices have enhanced productivity, they have also generated long-term concerns such as soil degradation, disruption of nutrient cycling, reduced biodiversity, and detrimental impacts on human health (Aktar et al., 2009; Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al., 2016). As a result, there is growing interest in sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategies.
Traditional pest management methods, including the use of locally available natural resources, traps, field sanitation, ploughing, crop rotation, conventional plant breeding, and natural repellents and deterrents, have long been employed to suppress pest populations (Pretty and Bharucha, 2015). Although these methods remain valuable, pesticide application continues to be one of the most extensively used approaches for monitoring insect pests and disease vectors.
Conclusion
Biopesticides have emerged as sustainable and eco-friendly substitutes for traditional synthetic pesticides in the management of insect pests. Biopesticides, originating from natural substances, microbes, or their metabolites, successfully manage pests by several processes, such as interfering with insect development, metabolism, feeding, and reproduction. Their target specificity, biodegradability, and diminished toxicity to non-target organisms render them essential elements of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.
In contrast to synthetic pesticides, frequently linked to environmental pollution, insect resistance, bioaccumulation, and detrimental impacts on human and animal health, biopesticides provide a safer and more sustainable method for crop protection. The increasing demand for organic food and environmentally responsible agricultural practices has further accelerated the adoption of biopesticide-based technologies.
Microbial pesticides, semiochemicals, entomopathogenic organisms, and other biorational formulations have demonstrated significant potential for managing a wide range of agricultural pests while minimizing ecological impacts. However, broader adoption of biopesticides requires continued research and development to improve their efficacy, formulation stability, field performance, and cost-effectiveness. Strengthening regulatory support, farmer awareness, and commercialization strategies will also be essential for maximizing their utilization. Biopesticides serve as a promising instrument for sustainable agriculture and food security, providing effective pest management while safeguarding environmental integrity and human health.
References
[1] Abbas, J. (2020). Impact of total quality management on corporate sustainability through the mediating effect of knowledge management. Journal of Cleaner Production, *244*, Article 118806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118806
[2] Abbas, M. S. T. (2022). Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes to dipteran leaf miners, house flies and mushroom flies. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, *32*, Article 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-022-00566-y
[3] Abd El-Ghany, N. M. (2019). Semiochemicals for controlling insect pests. Journal of Plant Protection Research, *59*, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.24425/jppr.2019.126036
[4] Abd El-Ghany, N. M., Abdel-Razek, A. S., Djelouah, K., & Moussa, A. (2018). Efficacy of some eco-friendly biopesticides against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Bioscience Research, *15*(1), 28-40.
[5] Abdel-Razek, A. S., Abd El-Ghany, N. M., Djelouah, K., & Moussa, A. (2017). An evaluation of some eco-friendly biopesticides against Bemisia tabaci on two greenhouse tomato varieties in Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection Research, *57*(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2017-0002
[6] Addesso, R., Bellino, A., & Baldantoni, D. (2022). Underground ecosystem conservation through high-resolution air monitoring. Environmental Management, *69*, 982-993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-022-01603-0
[7] Agelopoulos, N., Birkett, M. A., Hick, A. J., Hooper, A. M., Pickett, J. A., Pow, E. M., & Woodcock, C. M. (1999). Exploiting semiochemicals in insect control. Pesticide Science, *55*(3), 225-235.
[8] Ahmed, M., Javeed, A., Sajid, A. R., Ullah, S., Saleem, R. Q., Ahmed, Z., Hassan, T. U., Sikandar, A., Nazir, Z., Ahmed, F., & Mingshan, J. (2022). Biopesticides: A healthy alternative of hazardous chemical pesticides, current development and status in China. Biomedical Letters, *8*(2), 98-108.
[9] Aizawa, K., & Fujiyoshi, N. (1968). Selection and breeding of bacteria for control of insect pests in the sericultural countries. In Proceedings of the Joint United States–Japan Seminar on Microbial Control of Insect Pests (pp. 79-83).
[10] Aktar, M. W., Sengupta, D., & Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: Their benefits and hazards. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, *2*(1), 1-12.
[11] Altieri, M. A., & Nicholls, C. I. (2004). Biodiversity and pest management in agroecosystems (2nd ed.). Haworth Press.
[12] Balaraman, K., Rao, U. B., & Rajagopalan, P. K. (1979). Isolation of Metarrhizium anisopliae, Beauveria tenella and Fusarium oxysporum (Deuteromycetes) and their pathogenicity to Culex fatigans and Anopheles stephensi. Indian Journal of Medical Research, *70*, 718-722.
[13] Barclay, H. J., & Judd, G. J. R. (1995). Models for mating disruption by means of pheromone for insect pest control. Researches on Population Ecology, *37*(2), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02515826
[14] Basiev, S., Bekmurzov, A., Bekuzarova, S., Dulaev, T., Sokolova, L., Bolieva, Z., et al. (2019). Phytoinsecticides to fight against Colorado beetle. KnE Life Sciences, *4*(14), 562-569. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i14.5643
[15] Boemare, N., Akhurst, R., & Mourant, R. (1993). DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, *43*, 249-255.
[16] Copping, L. G., & Menn, J. J. (2000). Biopesticides: A review of their action, applications and efficacy. Pest Management Science, *56*, 651-676.
[17] Cork, A., & Basu, S. K. (1996). Control of the yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas by mating disruption with a PVC resin formulation of the sex pheromone of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, *86*(1), 1-9.
[18] Danismazoglu, M., Demir, I., Sevi, A., Demirbag, Z., & Nalcacioglu, R. (2012). An investigation on the bacterial flora of Agriotes lineatus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and pathogenicity of the flora members. Crop Protection, *40*, 1-7.
[19] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.04.012
[20] Dent, D., & Binks, R. (2020). Insect pest management (3rd ed.). CABI.
[21] Down, R., Cuthbertson, A. G. S., Mathers, J. J., & Walters, K. F. A. (2009). Dissemination of the entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium longisporum and L. muscarium, by the predatory bug, Orius laevigatus, to provide concurrent control of Myzus persicae, Frankliniella occidentalis and Bemisia tabaci. Biological Control, *50*(2), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.03.010
[22] Dutky, S. R. (1940). Two new spore-forming bacteria causing milky disease of Japanese beetle larvae. Journal of Agricultural Research, *61*, 57-68.
[23] Ehlers, R. U. (2001). Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for plant protection. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, *56*, 623-633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002530100711
[24] El-Ashry, R. M., & El-Marzoky, A. M. (2018). Compatibility of entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser with some chemical and biopesticides. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, *45*, 905-916. https://doi.org/10.21608/zjar.2018.49129
[25] El-Sayed, A. M., Suckling, D. M., Byers, J. A., Jang, E. B., & Wearing, C. H. (2009). Potential of "lure and kill" in long-term pest management and eradication of invasive species. Journal of Economic Entomology, *102*(3), 815-835.
[26] El-Sayed, A. M., Suckling, D. M., & Wearing, C. H. (2006). Potential of mass trapping for long term pest management and eradication of invasive species. Journal of Economic Entomology, *99*(5), 1550-1564. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.5.1550
[27] Falqueto, H., Lucio, J., Silverio, M. N. O., & Farias, J. C. H. (2021). Can conditions of skeletal muscle loss be improved by combining exercise with anabolic-androgenic steroids? A systematic review and meta-analysis of testosterone-based interventions. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, *22*(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09634-4
[28] Favret, M. E., & Yousten, A. A. (1985). Insecticidal activity of Bacillus laterosporus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, *45*(2), 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(85)90009-6
[29] Fishel, F. M. (2005). Pesticide toxicity profile: Triazole pesticides (PI-68). EDIS, *2005*(11). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-pi105-2005
[30] Gassman, A. J., & Clifton, E. H. (2017). Current and potential applications of biopesticides to manage insect pests of maize. In L. A. Lacey (Ed.), Microbial control of insect and mite pests: From theory to practice (pp. 173-184). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803527-6.00011-1
[31] Gautam, U. K. (2020). Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea on physiological processes in insects (Ph.D. Thesis Series, No. 2) [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Bohemia].
[32] Godjo, A., Zadji, L., Decraemer, W., Willems, A., & Afouda, L. (2018). Pathogenicity of indigenous entomopathogenic nematodes from Benin against mango fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) under laboratory conditions. Biological Control, *117*, 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.10.009
[33] Gozel, U., & Gozel, C. (2021). Entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management. In Integrated pest management: Environmental sound pest management. https://doi.org/10.5772/63894
[34] Guven, O., Aydin, T., Karaca, I., & Butt, T. (2020). Biopesticides offer an environmentally friendly solution for control of pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams) larvae and pupae in urban areas. Biocontrol Science and Technology, *31*(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2020.1826905
[35] Hajek, A. E., Papierok, B., & Eilenberg, J. (2012). Methods for study of the Entomophthorales. In L. A. Lacey (Ed.), Manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology (2nd ed., pp. 285-316). Academic Press.
[36] Hara, A. H. (2000). What is a biorational pesticide? University of Hawaii Extension Bulletin.
[37] Harish, S., Nihaarikha, G. N., & Harish, R. (2021). Computational study of Corona virus diffusion in a closed environment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, *1128*, Article 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1128/1/012004
[38] Hauxwell, C., Tichon, M., Buerger, P., & Anderson, S. (2010). Australia. In J. T. Kabaluk, A. M. Svircev, M. S. Goettel, & S. G. Woo (Eds.), The use and regulation of microbial pesticides in representative jurisdictions worldwide (pp. 80-88). IOBC Global.
[39] Heimpel, G. E., & Mills, N. J. (2017). Biological control: Ecology and applications. Cambridge University Press.
[40] Himeno, M. (1999). Improvement and mechanisms of action of microbial pesticides (Bt). Microbes and Environments, *14*(4), 245-252.
[41] Hosking, G., Clearwater, J., Handiside, J., Kay, M., Ray, J., et al. (2003). Tussock moth eradication: A success story from New Zealand. International Journal of Pest Management, *49*(1), 17-24.
[42] Howse, P. E., Stevens, I. D. R., & Jones, O. T. (1998). Insect pheromones and their use in pest management. Chapman & Hall.
[43] Idris, H., Suryani, E., Gustia, H., & Ramadhan, A. I. (2022). The effect of various essential oil and solvent additives on the botanical pesticide of Piper aduncum essential oil on formulation antifungal activity. Results in Engineering, *16*, Article 100644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100644
[44] Ilan, D. I., Gough, D. H., Piggott, S. J., & Patterson, F. J. (2006). Application technology and environmental considerations for use of entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Biological Control, *38*, 124-133.
[45] Isman, M. B. (2006). Botanical insecticides, deterrents and repellents in modern agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, *51*, 45-66.
[46] Isman, M. B., & Grieneisen, M. L. (2014). Botanical insecticide research: Many publications, limited useful data. Trends in Plant Science, *19*(3), 140-145.
[47] Jaronski, S. T., & Jackson, M. A. (2012). Mass production of entomopathogenic Hypocreales. In L. A. Lacey (Ed.), Manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology (2nd ed., pp. 257-286). Academic Press.
[48] Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., & Jackson, T. A. (2012). Bacterial entomopathogens. In F. E. Vega & H. K. Kaya (Eds.), Insect pathology (2nd ed., pp. 265-349). Academic Press.
[49] Kachhawa, D. (2017). Microorganisms as biopesticides. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, *5*(3), 468-473.
[50] Kaczmarek, A., & Bogus, M. (2021). The metabolism and role of free fatty acids in key physiological processes in insects of medical, veterinary and forensic importance. PeerJ, *9*, e12563. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12563
[51] Kapoor, B., & Sharma, K. (2020). Biorational pesticides: An envirosafe alternative to pest control. Indian Farmer, *7*(8), 722-731.
[52] Kim, J. J., Goettel, M. S., & Gillespie, D. R. (2009). Evaluation of Lecanicillium longisporum, Vertalec against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, and cucumber powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea in a greenhouse environment. Crop Protection, *29*, 540-544.
[53] Knipling, E. F. (1979). The basic principles of insect populations suppression and management (Agriculture Handbook No. 512). USDA.
[54] Kogan, M. (1998). Integrated pest management: Historical perspectives and contemporary developments. Annual Review of Entomology, *43*, 243-270.
[55] Komala, G., Manda, R. R., & Seram, D. (2021). Role of semiochemicals in integrated pest management. International Journal of Entomology Research, *6*, 247-253.
[56] Koppenhofer, A. M., Jackson, T. A., & Klein, M. G. (2012). Bacteria for use against soil-inhabiting insects. In L. A. Lacey (Ed.), Manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology (2nd ed., pp. 129-149). Academic Press.
[57] Kumar, M., Gautom, V., Sharma, R. K., Jain, S., & Sawarkar, A. (2019). Biopesticides: An alternate to chemical pesticides. The Pharma Innovation Journal, *8*(7), 667-672.
[58] Lacey, L. A., & Goettel, M. S. (1995). Current developments in microbial control of insect pests and prospects for the early 21st century. Entomophaga, *40*, 3-27.
[59] Lacey, L. A., Liu, T.-X., Buchman, J. L., Munyaneza, J. E., Goolsby, J. A., & Horton, D. R. (2011). Entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales) for control of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in an area endemic for zebra chip disease of potato. Biological Control, *36*, 271-278.
[60] Leahy, J., Mendelsohn, M., Kough, J., Jones, R., & Berckes, N. (2014). Biopesticide oversight and registration at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ACS Symposium Series, *1172*, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1172.ch001
[61] Lee, J. B., Caywood, L. M., Lo, J. Y., Levering, N., & Keung, A. J. (2021). Mapping the dynamic transfer functions of eukaryotic gene regulation. Cell Systems, *12*. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2021.08.003
[62] Lynch, P. M., Lynch, H. T., & Harris, R. (1978). Heritable colon cancer and solitary adenomatous polyps. In H. E. Nieburgs (Ed.), Prevention and detection of cancer: 3rd International Symposium on Detection and Prevention of Cancer (pp. 1573-1589). Marcel Dekker.
[63] Mafra-Neto, A., Fettig, C. J., Unson, A. S., Rodriguez-Saona, C., Holdcraft, R., Faleiro, J. R., El-Shafie, H., Reinke, M., Bernardi, C., & Villagran, K. M. (2014). Development of specialized pheromone and lure application technologies (SPLAT®) for management of coleopteran pests in agricultural and forest systems. In A. D. Gross, J. R. Coats, S. O. Duke, & J. N. Seiber (Eds.), Biopesticides: State of the art and future opportunities (ACS Symposium Series Vol. 1172, pp. 214-242). American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2014-1172.ch015
[64] Manda, R. R., Addanki, V. A., & Srivastava, S. (2020). Microbial bio-pesticides and botanicals as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in the sustainable agricultural production. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, *21*(61&62), 31-48.
[65] Marrone, P. G. (2019). Pesticidal natural products: Status and future potential. Pest Management Science, *75*, 2325-2340.
[66] Mashtoly, T. A., Abolmaaty, A., El-Said El-Zemaity, M., Hussein, M. I., & Alm, S. R. (2011). Enhanced toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki and aizawai to black cutworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Bacillus sp. NFD2 and Pseudomonas sp. FNFD1. Journal of Economic Entomology, *104*, 41-46.
[67] Mashtoly, T. A., Abolmaaty, A., Thomson, N., El-Said El-Zemaity, M., Hussien, M. I., & Alm, S. R. (2010). Enhanced toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis strain Buibui toxin to oriental beetle and northern masked chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae with Bacillus sp. NFD2. Journal of Economic Entomology, *103*, 1547-1554.
[68] McCoy, C. W., Samson, R. A., Boucias, D. G., Osborne, L. S., Pena, J., & Buss, L. J. (2009). Pathogens infecting insects and mites of citrus. LLC Friends of Microbes.
[69] McGuire, A. V., & Northfield, T. D. (2020). Tropical occurrence and agricultural importance of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, *4*, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00006
[70] Moscardi, F. (1999). Assessment of the application of baculoviruses for control of Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, *44*, 257-289.
[71] Moscardi, F., de Souza, M. L., de Castro, M. E. B., Moscardi, M. L., & Szewczyk, B. (2011). Baculovirus pesticides: Present state and future perspectives. In I. Ahmed, F. Ahmed, & J. Pichtel (Eds.), Microbes and microbial technology (pp. 415-445). Springer.
[72] Nawaz, M., Mabubu, J. I., & Hua, H. (2016). Current status and advancement of biopesticides: Microbial and botanical pesticides. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, *4*(2), 241-246.
[73] Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health. Frontiers in Public Health, *4*, Article 148.
[74] Oerke, E. C. (2006). Crop losses to pests. Journal of Agricultural Science, *144*, 31-43.
[75] Opeyemi, B. S., Temidayo, B. R., Babalola, Y. O., Emmanuel, I. B., Ojubolamo, M. T., & Folake, A. B. (2018). Biological control of anthracnose disease of tomato using ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica and Nicotiana tabacum. International Annals of Science, *4*, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.4.1.20-26
[76] Panazzi, A. R. (2013). History and contemporary perspectives of the integrated pest management of soybean in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, *42*, 119-127.
[77] Pavela, R. (2016). History, presence and perspective of using plant extracts as commercial botanical insecticides and farm products for protection against insects. Plant Protection Science, *52*, 229-241.
[78] Pedigo, L. P., & Rice, M. E. (2014). Entomology and pest management (6th ed.). Waveland Press.
[79] Phillips, T. W. (1997). Semiochemicals of stored-product insects: Research and applications. Journal of Stored Products Research, *33*(1), 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-474X(96)00039-2
[80] Pickett, J. A., Woodcock, C. M., Midega, C. A. O., & Khan, Z. R. (2014). Push-pull farming systems. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, *26*, 125-132.
[81] Pimentel, D., & Burgess, M. (2014). Environmental and economic costs of pesticide use. In Integrated pest management.
[82] Pinero, J. C., & Dudenhoeffer, A. P. (2018). Mass trapping designs for organic control of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science, *74*(4), 1687-1693. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4862
[83] Pretty, J., & Bharucha, Z. P. (2015). Integrated pest management for sustainable intensification of agriculture. Insects, *6*, 152-182.
[84] Prokopy, R. J., Wright, S. E., Black, J. L., Hu, X. P., & McGuire, M. R. (2000). Attracticidal spheres for controlling apple maggot flies. Journal of Applied Entomology, *124*, 1-5.
[85] Ramalakshmi, V., Dash, L., Padhy, D., & Rout, S. (2020). Role of semiochemicals in pest management. In *Agriculture and forestry: Current trends, perspectives, issues-1* (pp. 209-228).
[86] Rochat, D., Malosse, C., Lettere, M., Ducrot, P. H., Zagatti, P., Renou, M., & Descoins, C. (1991). Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae): Collection, identification, electrophysiological activity, and laboratory bioassay. Journal of Chemical Ecology, *17*(11), 2127-2141.
[87] Rohrmann, G. F. (2019). Baculovirus molecular biology (4th ed.). National Center for Biotechnology Information.
[88] Rosell, G., Quero, C., Coll, J., & Guerrero, A. (2008). Biorational insecticides in pest management. Journal of Pesticide Science, *33*(2), 103-121.
[89] Rowley, D. L., Popham, H. J. R., & Harrison, R. L. (2011). Genetic variation and virulence of nucleopolyhedroviruses isolated worldwide from the heliothine pests Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, *107*, 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2011.03.007
[90] Saberi, E. A., Pirhaji, A., & Zabetiyan, F. (2020). Effects of endodontic access cavity design and thermocycling on fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, *12*, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S236815
[91] Sevim, V., Gong, X., & Socolar, J. E. (2010). Reliability of transcriptional cycles and the yeast cell-cycle oscillator. PLoS Computational Biology, *6*(7), e1000842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000842
[92] Shi, G. (2000). Biorational pesticides and their role in pest management. [Publisher not specified].
[93] Shivakumara, K. T., Keerthi, M. C., Polaiah, A. C., Manjesh, G. N., & Roy, S. (2021). Bio-rational pesticides: A novel approach for insect pest management. Food and Scientific Reports, *2*, 33-37.
[94] Singh, A., Bhardwaj, R., & Singh, I. K. (2019). Biocontrol agents: Potential of biopesticides for integrated pest management. In B. Giri, R. Prasad, Q. S. Wu, & A. Varma (Eds.), Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture and environment (pp. 413-433). Springer.
[95] Smith, C. M. (2005). Plant resistance to arthropods. Springer.
[96] Solter, L. F., Becnel, J. J., & Oi, D. H. (2012). Microsporidian entomopathogens. In F. E. Vega & H. K. Kaya (Eds.), Insect pathology (2nd ed., pp. 221-263). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384984-7.00007-5
[97] Stelinski, L. L., & Liburd, O. E. (2001). Evaluation of various deployment strategies of imidacloprid-treated spheres in highbush blueberries for control of Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, *94*(4), 905-910. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.4.905
[98] Szewczyk, B., de Souza, M. L., de Castro, M. E. B., Moscardi, M. L., & Moscardi, F. (2011). Baculovirus biopesticides. In Pesticides: Formulations, effects, fate. IntechOpen.
[99] Tanada, Y., & Kaya, H. K. (2012). Insect pathology. Academic Press.
[100] Thakre, M., Thakur, M., Malik, N., & Ganger, S. (2011). Mass scale cultivation of entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi using agricultural products and agro wastes. Journal of Biopesticides, *4*, 176-179.
[101] Townsend, R. J., Nelson, T. L., & Jackson, T. A. (2010). Beauveria brongniartii: A potential biocontrol agent for use against manuka beetle larvae damaging dairy pastures on Cape Foulwind. New Zealand Plant Protection, *63*, 224-228.
[102] Trematerra, P. (2012). Advances in the use of pheromones for stored-product protection. Journal of Pest Science, *85*(3), 285-299.
[103] Van Frankenhuyzen, K. (2009). Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, *101*, 1-16.
[104] Van Lenteren, J. C. (2012). The state of commercial augmentative biological control. BioControl, *57*, 1-20.
[105] Vongati, M., Mohanty, S., & Das, K. (2022). Role of microbial pesticides in IPM. Just Agriculture Multidisciplinary e-Newsletter, *2*(12).
[106] Ware, G. W., & Whitacre, D. M. (2004). The pesticide book (6th ed.). MeisterPro Information Resources.
[107] Welter, S., Pickel, C., Millar, J., Cave, F., Van Steenwyk, R., & Dunley, J. (2005). Pheromone mating disruption offers selective management options for key pests. California Agriculture, *59*(1), 80-100.
[108] Witzgall, P., Kirsch, P., & Cork, A. (2010). Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management. Journal of Chemical Ecology, *36*, 80-100.
[109] Yang, M. M., Meng, L. L., Zang, Y. A., Wang, Y. Z., Qu, L. J., Wang, Q. H., & Ding, J. Y. (2012). Baculoviruses and insect pest control in China. African Journal of Microbiology Research, *6*, 214-218.
[110] Yap, N. (2013). Towards an inclusive framework for environmental assessment.
[111] Zhang, L., & Lecoq, M. (2021). Nosema locustae (Protozoa, Microsporidia), a biological agent for locust and grasshopper control. Agronomy, *11*(4), Article 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040711.