About non-coding RNAs
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein.
Recently, a large number of RNAs have been identified in animal and plants that have little or no protein – coding potential. Such RNA molecules have been discovered by the extensive applications of high – throughput sequencing technology. Non – coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which comprise a significant output of the genomes of prokaryotes and especially eukaryotes, are increasingly implicated in the molecular mechanisms that are being used for responding to biotic and abiotic stresses that occurred in living things life. The ncRNAs are a heterogeneous group of RNA molecules, which can be classified indifferent ways according to their location, length, and biological functions. In this review a brief description about non – coding RNAs will be brought especially in plants.
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Introduction
DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein. This phrase has ruled as a dogma in biology for many years. But what rules in biology and or molecular biology is not so simple. In fact majority of the genetic material is transcribed into RNAs that don’tmake protein. Studies of genome suggest that the protein coding regions represent only around 1 – 2% of the genome [158]. Non – coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which comprise a significant output of the genomes of prokaryotes and especially eukaryotes, are increasingly implicated in the molecular mechanisms that are being used for responding to biotic and abiotic stresses that occurred in plant life. Indeed, regulatory RNAs are part of genetically encoded response networks and also underpin epigenetic processes, which are emerging as key mechanisms of adaptation and transgenerational inheritance [112]. Non – coding RNAs also capable of changing the conformational activity of many critical proteins [113]. Subcellular localization of proteins that mediated by non – coding RNAs has been described in plants as well [4]. Immune related diseases are controlled by lncRNAs (one of the types of non – coding RNAs) in both human and plants [158] and many other examples of roles played by non – coding RNAs in (Plants).
Conclusion
In recent years, many lncRNA transcripts have been identified. lncRNA studies have become one of the new hotspots incurrent molecular biology. Broadly, lncRNAs can be considered as a large and diverse collection of polyadenylated or nonpolyadenylated transcripts with low protein – coding potential. lncRNAs are often cell type specific, and the functions of individual lncRNAs can be diverse. Also lncRNAs reported in plant species are limited to only a few model angiosperm plants such as Arabidopsis, rice, maize, wheat, foxtail millet, and soybean. lncRNAs have many functions in the regulation and developmental processes. such as proliferation, through the expression of independent lncRNA transcripts and also gene – associated RNAs, such as promoter – associated RNAs that regulate cell cycle genes. A large proportion of functions mediated by these lncRNAs appear to involve the regulation of proteins involved in transcription, particularly transcription factors, whether it is the mRNA form or the protein form, including those that play critical roles in the maintenance of hormonal balance to induce cellular survival such as nuclear receptor transcription factors.