Biochemical changes induced by Bioneem (0.03%) formulation in chick embryogenesis (Gallus domesticus)

Agrochemicals are beneficial to increase crop yield and efficiency of food production process which ultimately results in decrease in food cost. Plants play important role in crop protection, secondary plant metabolites, such as alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, terpenoids, organic acids or alcohols, are potential sources of pest control substances (Szymon Chowański et al., 2016). Pesticides have been developed to control targeted pests and function with reasonable certainty and minimal risk to human health and environment. Unfortunately, It was reported that less than 0.1% of pesticide applied for pest control reached their target pest while 99.9% finished up in polluting environment and detrimental to human beings (WenJun Zhang et al., 2011). Negative effects of agrochemicals on non-targeted species including humans are conspicuous. Biorational or biopesticides which are referred as 21st century pesticides and considered as less toxic or non-toxic to human and pose least risk to environment. However, toxic effects of such pesticides on non-target species are also documented (Frederick M. Fishel, 2012). 

Present study aims to investigate effect of neem based pesticide Bioneem (0.03% Azadirechtin) RAV Products, Punjab. on embryogenesis of chick (Gallus domesticus)

Neem and its products are known for their insecticidal properties (Ezekiel et al., 2008, Manish kumar, 2011) However, it was also reported to have toxic effects on vertebrates and non-target organisms. It was observed that leaves of Neem causes toxicity in Sheep, Goats and Gunia pig and water extracts of neem berries showed toxicity to poultry birds also the neem seed oil was found to produce occasional diarrehea and general discomfort. Ingestion of Neem seed oil by infants was found to cause acute poisoning (Abhishekh Raj, 2014) Neem –Azal was found to be lethal to non target organism such as tadpoles, Cyclopes, Daphnia ( ei –Shazly, 2000).Neem based insecticide induced oxidative stress in brain and muscles of Zebra fish showed reduction in GSH and CAT causing lipid peroxidation (Dilip kumar Sharma, 2014). There are several reports of non target effect of neem formulation on aquatic organisms (Boonsatien and Vasakorn, 2009). However very few studies are carried out on effect of neem on chick embryogenesis (Kweri J. K, 2006).

In the present study chick embryo was used as vertebrate model to study the effect of Bioneem, because its system gives comprehensive understanding of development of organ system and fundamentals of body formations common to all groups of vertebrates. Advantage of using chick embryo in study of developmental malformation is that during phases of chick development different characters become prominent and hence useful in diagnostic purpose. In order to get information on embryonic lethality , teratogenicity metabolism and systemic toxicity test chick embryo was found to be sensitive , inexpressive and positively correlated with those in other system including mammals (Parisa Sadighara et al., 2011).