Disease in Plant and Animal: Similarities and Differences
Abstract
According to current human opinion and knowledge living organisms can be divided into seven kingdoms. The similarities and differences between these seven groups also the relationships between them are very interesting. These relationships lead to creation the different kinds of biological terms such as, mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. So plants and animal also microorganisms have to fight sometimes. The mechanisms of pathogenicity and the mechanisms of defense can be either similar or different. Emphasizing aspect of pathogenicity of some microorganisms, such as Salmonella, Fusarium and Tobacco mosaic virus can case to disease in plants and animals.
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Introduction
Our enormous universe contains of wonderful diversity of living organisms. More than of strange of wonderful diversity, the relationships between this living things is very interesting and surprising. Briefly these relationships divide to profitable and detrimental. For example the all of relations between plants, animal and humans with harmful microorganisms are detrimental. In the same way that living things are very different, they have a lot of common characteristics. Alike these differences and similarities between living things, also their relationships have similar characteristics and dissimilar characteristics. For example we can consider relation between host plants and animal plants with their specific pathogens. The manner of combat for plants and animals against their pathogen based on their cellular characteristics either host cell or pathogen cell is different. In fact because of the marked differences between their cellular structures and modes of life, it is not unreasonable to expect that very different strategies for attack, defense, and counterattack would have evolved in plants and animals against their respective pathogens [1].
The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to harm both animal and plant hosts has been documented since the initial demonstration in the 1870s that microbes were causal agents of disease. Since the initial discoveries by [2] that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax and by [3] that Erwinia amylovora caused fire blight in pears, our knowledge base has expanded enormously.
In this paper we try to point the mechanisms of pathogenicity in plants and animals, defense systems in plants and animals against their pathogens and finally parallels in pathogenesis on plant and animal hosts
Conclusion
Whereas living organisms are very different, on the other hand are very similar. These differences and similarities include relationship between them and the methods of their defense against their pathogens. The most important difference between plants and animals is absence of circulatory system and an adaptive immune system in plants. In both plants and animals the first step in the recognition of a pathogen is a general response, when non – specific receptors on the surface of plant or animal cells detect non – specific PAMPs (pathogen – associated molecular patterns). These molecules regularly occur in bacteria, fungi and in several other microbes. Plant do not have immune system that is the base of immunity in animals so how can plants recognize a high number of effectors of pathogenic races? The answer is “gene – for – gene concept”. In each incompatible (resistant) host/pathogen combination an avirulence gene encodes a specific effector and a plantr – gene encodes a specific receptor.
