Effect of different organic nutrition combination on growth and yield of Moong bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Pulse cultivation holds immense importance in the realm of global agriculture, making a substantial contribution to both food security and nutrition. The leading pulse-producing nations across the globe include India, Canada, Myanmar, China, Australia, the United States, Russia, Brazil, Ethiopia, and Turkey. Collectively, these countries are responsible for more than 85% of the total global pulse production. The increasing demand for pulses, driven by their nutritional advantages and their potential to enhance soil quality, has spurred research, development, and investments in this sector. The production of pulses can be influenced by various factors, such as weather conditions, pest infestations, diseases, and market fluctuations. Efforts are currently underway to advance farming practices and promote both the cultivation and consumption of pulses. Notably, India stands as the largest producer and consumer of pulses on a global scale, covering 37% of the world'spulse-growing area and contributing 20% of the total production. In India, pulse cultivation encompassed 26.28 million hectares of land, resulting in a production of 23.01 million metric tonnes in the 2020-21 fiscal year. (Source: DES, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India, 2021-22). India produces a wide range of pulses, including chickpeas, pigeon peas, lentils, mung beans, black gram, and kidney beans. Chickpeas and pigeon peas are the most widely cultivated pulses in India, accounting for around 60% of the total pulse production. Mungbean, also known as green gram, is a pulse crop with a short growth duration that is cultivated throughout India. It holds the position of being the third most significant pulse crop, following chickpeas and pigeon peas, and accounts for approximately 12-13% of the total pulse acreage in the country. From a botanical perspective, Mungbean is scientifically referred to as Vigna radiata L. Wilczek, and it belongs to the Leguminosae family, specifically the sub-family Papillionaceae. It is a diploid, self-pollinating species with a chromosome count of 2n=22, as determined by Karpechenko in 1925. The origins of Mungbean are believed to be in India, as suggested by De Candole in 1986. This crop is predominantly grown in regions such as China, India, Burma, and other parts of Southeast Asia. The wild progenitor of Mungbean is Vigna radiata sub; Sublobata. In the year 2020-21, Mungbean production in India covered an area of 38.32 lakhs hectares, yielding a total production of 17.84 lakhs tonnes, according to data from the Department of Economics and Statistics (DES), Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Rajasthan emerged as the leading state in both the area and production of Mungbean in the year 2021-22, followed by Maharashtra and Karnataka. In Uttar Pradesh, the Mungbean production area amounted to 0.54 lakhs hectares, resulting in a production of 0.29 lakhs tonnes for the same year. Mungbean is highly regarded for its quality as a pulse due to its outstanding digestibility and high protein content, ranging from 25% to 28%. The application of FYM enriches the soil with nutrients, contributing to improved soil fertility. On average, well-decomposed farmyard manure contains approximately 0.5% Nitrogen (N), 0.2% Phosphate (P O ), and 0.5% Potassium 2 5 (K O). Additionally, FYM enhances the availability of soil phosphorus. Furthermore, when FYM is used in conjunction with 2 fertilizer phosphorus, it can impact the solubility and potential availability of applied phosphorus. It'sessential to recognize that neither the sole use of organic manure nor chemical fertilizers in isolation can ensure sustainable and productive yields in modern intensive farming. A balanced approach that combines both organic and chemical inputs is often necessary to achieve long-term agricultural sustainability (Singh, 2019). Vermicompost is the result of a decomposition process that employs various types of earthworms, including red worms, white worms, and other earthworm species. This process, known as worm composting, involves breaking down a mixture of vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast (worm castings). Raising earthworms for the purpose of creating this nutrient-rich mixture is often referred to as worm farming, and the final product is known as Vermicompost. Vermicompost boasts significant mineral content, including nitrogen (2-3%), potassium (1.85-2.25%), and phosphorus (1.55-2.25%). In addition to these primary nutrients, it also contains micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes, and is rich in 'plant growth hormones and enzymes.' Scientifically, Vermicompost has been proven to act as a remarkable growth promoter for plants and serves as a protective agent against pests and diseases. This makes it a valuable and multifaceted resource for improving soil health and supporting plant growth in agricultural and horticultural practices. Neemcake, a by-product of neem seed oil extraction, is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. Packed with nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and micronutrients, it enhances soil health, improves water retention, and boosts plant growth. Its high nitrogen content fosters robust plant development, while potassium aids in flowering and fruiting. Phosphorus promotes root growth. Additionally, Neemcake acts as a natural pest repellent due to its azadirachtin content. Environmentally friendly and beneficial, it serves as a valuable resource in sustainable agriculture practices. On average, Neemcake has a nutrient composition of about 5.03 percent nitrogen (N), 3.63 percent phosphate (P O ), and 1.03 percent potassium (K O). Numerous studies have 2 5 2 demonstrated that the application of neem cake can enhance production efficiency with protective features. A sufficient supply of nitrogen is particularly critical for achieving robust vegetative growth in crops. This highlights the importance of neem cake, which provides an enriched source of essential nutrients, including nitrogen, that can promote the vigorous growth of millet and, by extension, other crops. (Ayub et al., 2009). Mung bean holds a significant position in agriculture due to its economic importance. Organic substances like Farmyard Manure (FYM), Vermicompost, and Neem cake not only enhance crop yields and quality but also unlock the genetic potential of plants. The presence of these nutrients contributes to root development, fruit formation, and overall plant vigour and health. Furthermore, they improve soil quality and its biological diversity. Nutrients are essential for a well-rounded plant diet and serve as valuable tools for farmers seeking to boost both quantity and quality in their yields. This study aimed to investigate the impact of various organic fertilizers on the growth and yield attributes of mung bean. The combined use of organic materials has the potential to increase mung bean productivity in terms of both quantity and quality, making the plants more resilient to stress conditions, be they biotic or abiotic. This, in turn, can enhance market prices and profitability. Therefore, the objective of this research is to assess the growth and yield parameters of mung bean. Keeping these above point the present investigation was carried outwith objective to determine effect of organic manures on growth and yield of Moongbean cv. Samrat.