Effect of Methanolic Extract of (Vernonia amygdalina) on the Haematology and Lipid Profile of Rabbit Does
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the haematological and lipid profiles of rabbit does. A total of 24 rabbit does, aged 8–12 months, were randomly allocated to four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, and T4) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with six does per group. T1 served as the control and received no extract, while T2, T3, and T4 were administered 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract, respectively, over a four-week period. Blood samples were collected at three time points: prior to extract administration, midway through the experiment, and at the end of the study. Haematological parameters were evaluated, and sera were analyzed for lipid profile components using standard laboratory procedures. The results revealed that Vernonia amygdalina extract exhibited dose-dependent immunostimulatory effects, maintained red blood cell indices, and significantly improved lipid profile parameters. Specifically, the extract reduced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). These changes occurred without adverse physiological effects on the experimental rabbit does. In conclusion, the methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina demonstrated potential as a natural immunostimulant and lipid-modulating agent, suggesting its application in enhancing the health and productivity of livestock.
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Introduction
Lipid profiling involves a panel of blood tests used to measure lipids, including cholesterol and triglycerides, which are synthesized in the liver and play critical roles in cell membrane integrity, hormone synthesis, immune function, energy storage, vitamin transport, and neural health (Cleveland Clinic, 2024; Eliza, 2023). It is a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting genetic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, pancreatitis, and liver diseases (Nigam, 2011; Cleveland Clinic, 2024). Haematology, the study of blood'scellular components—erythrocytes, leucocytes, and thrombocytes—assists in diagnosing and managing diseases of the blood, bone marrow, and vascular systems (Merck Manual, 2012; Washington and Van Hoosier, 2012). Changes in haematological parameters are often indicative of environmental, nutritional, or pathological stress, providing insights into an animal'sphysiological status and responses to administered substances (Togun et al., 2007; Khan and Zafar, 2005).
Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) is a widely available perennial shrub in the African tropics, valued for its pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimalarial, and antibacterial effects (Anibijuwon et al., 2012; Ayoola et al., 2008). These properties are attributed to its bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins (Jisaka et al., 1993; Kiplimo et al., 2011). Additionally, its leaves are rich in vitamins, minerals, and proteins, making it a potential feed supplement. Given its phytochemical composition and availability in Nigeria, V. amygdalina holds promise as a functional ingredient in animal feed. This study aims to evaluate the physiological effects of methanolic extract of V. amygdalina on the haematological and lipid profiles of rabbit does, offering insights into its potential application in rabbit nutrition
Conclusion
The methanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina, from this study showed immunostimulatory activity in a dose-dependent manner; had no significant effect on red blood cells and showed significant hypolipidemic activity by reducing the values of Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDLC and VLDL while improving HDL values.
