Effects of Bay Leaf (Laurus nobilis L.), Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Peel and Banana (Musa Species) Peel Extracts on Physiological Performance of Some Upland (Ahu) Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crop under Higher Iron in Acid Soil Condition
Abstract
A pot experiment (CRBD with three replications) was carried out to investigate the effects of Bay leaf, Potato peel, and Banana peel extracts on the physiological performance of some upland (Ahu) rice crop (varieties: Inglongkiri, Dehangi (Fe tolerant), Lachit (Fe susceptible), and Luit) under higher iron in acid soil conditions during the Autumn season (March-September, 2024). The five treatments were: (1) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage (control), (2) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage plus root dip treatment before transplanting and foliar spray with bay leaf extract at 20 days after transplanting, (3) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage plus root dip treatment before transplanting and foliar spray with banana peel extract at 20 days after transplanting, (4) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as a basal at the vegetative stage, plus root dip treatment before transplanting and foliar spray with potato peel extract at 20 days after transplanting; (5) Natural soil without root dip treatment and without spray with bay leaf, banana peel, and potato peel extracts at 20 days after transplanting (Absolute control). In general, as compared to the control (100 ppm FeSO₄), there were significant increases in the morpho-physiological and yield-attributing parameters under other treatments. Among the treatments, 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage plus aqueous bay leaf (10 g in 100 ml) was found to be the most useful against the damaging effects of higher iron pertaining to the physiological parameters. In the study, Dehangi emerged as the prominent variety in terms of the various physiological parameters viz., SLW at maximum tillering (6.753 mg cm⁻²) and heading stage (8.673 mg cm⁻²), shoot biomass (35.513 g plant⁻¹) at harvest, numbers of tillers (12.707) and number of leaves (24.040 per plant) at maximum tillering stage, effective tillers (11.487 per plant), root biomass (20.413 g plant⁻¹) at harvest, panicle length (28.607 cm), panicle weight (8.960 g plant⁻¹), number of panicle (9.300/plant), seeds per panicle (85.313), test weight (26.893 g), HD grains (75.460%), sterility (22.460%), economic yield (16.593 g plant⁻¹), biological yield (45.007 g plant⁻¹), GHI (48.547) and plant height (3.81-8.25%) at harvest.
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Introduction
Rice is one of the staple food crops in Assam grown as kharif (70%), Rabi (upland) 23% and Boro (7%) covering 2.54 million hectares. The higher iron content in the acid soil (80% of geographical area i.e. 25 Mha) of the region is one of the factors for lower productivity (< 3 t ha⁻¹). The high rainfall (>2000 mm) makes the soil acidic in nature (pH<5.0) due to leaching of basic cations (Mandal, 1995; Mandal et al., 2019). So, the ground water contains higher iron (0.25 - 67.0 ppm), where its absorption by the plant roots enriches the concentration of iron in plants. The symptoms of iron toxicity appear in plants as per the dynamics of iron in soil viz., potassium deficiency (at 150-450 ppm), yellowing of green leaves (at 350-450 ppm), dark brown or bronze spots (at 450-780 ppm) and plants eventually die at >800 ppm iron in soil (Baruah et al., 1983; Bora and Borkakati, 1997). In the past, measures like applying potassium fertilizer (Singh and Singh, 1987), managing water (Borah and Nath, 1979), using growth hormones, organic acids, coconut milk, varietal screening (Bey, 2022) failed to ameliorate the physiological aberrations caused by higher iron. No noteworthy information on how to reduce iron toxicity in rice crop using bay leaf, banana and potato peels are available yet.
Conclusion
Bay leaf played a crucial role in enhancing iron tolerance in rice by significantly improving root proliferation and biomass, which facilitated better nutrient absorption. Additionally, bay leaf positively influenced key physiological parameters, contributing to overall plant health and yield. Among the varieties, Dehangi emerged as the most tolerant to iron toxicity, while Lachit was the most susceptible. The use of bio inputs viz., kitchen waste extracts, particularly bay leaf, offers an ecofriendly and cost-effective approach to mitigating iron stress in acid soils of Assam.
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