Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Table Egg (Eggshells) Sold in Benghazi Market, Libya
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a microbial survey of the table eggs (eggshells) sold in the markets of Benghazi city and to identify some pathogenic bacteria. Samples collected from the markets of Benghazi city, which were divided into five sectors (Bouhdima (A), Al-Laithi (B), Hay-Al-Salam region (C), Twenty Street (D), Suburbs of Benghazi (E)). The eggs were bought from several stores in each sector randomly, where twenty samples were collected (four from each sector) with three random replications each. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the sectors. According to this study, 80 % of pollutants are from the Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes E. coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., and Citrobacter sp., and 20 % are from the genera (Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Salmonella Sp.).our results showed that the mean total number of aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were 4.2 X 104, 3.9 X 105, 4.4 X 105 CFU / egg respectively. Salmonella bacteria were isolated from eggshell samples at the Benghazi suburbs markets (sector E) (7.0 % from isolated samples). From farm to consumer, the study underlines the importance of encouraging eggshell bacterial contamination prevention strategies.
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Introduction
In the previous two decades, the production and consumption of global chicken eggs have demonstrated amazing, broad, and comprehensive dynamics. [1]. Every year, more than 50 billion chickens are farmed for food, both for meat and for eggs. [1]. In the same vein, in 2012, Asia, America, Europe, Africa, and Oceania had roughly 21.2 billion chickens (90 percent of global egg output). (12.0, 5.28, 2.01, 1.79, 0.13, and 0.13, respectively)[2].
Eggs have avery stable composition in terms of total protein, essential amino acids, total lipid, phospholipids, phosphorus, andiron [1]. Egg proteins, at about 6.5 gper egg, appear to contain an adequate quantity of the 9 essential amino acids for human health: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine [3]. Furthermore, eggs contain around 70 mg of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids and 200 mg of cholesterol. [1]. Also, according to Zaheer, egg contains both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, such as (B vitamins; thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), cobalamin (B12), choline, and vitamins A, D, E, and K,)in relatively high amounts; levels of B5, B9, A, and Dare moderate [1].
There are two possible routes for germs to invade eggshells: vertically or horizontally. [4]. Vertical transmission or ascending transmission infection from contaminated cloaca into the vagina and lower oviduct occurs in the reproductive organs of infected hens from infection of the ovaries by systemic infection. [5,6]. When eggs are exposed to a contaminated environment and bacteria breach the eggshell, horizontal transmission occurs [4]. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were among the bacteria detected on the eggshell [7]. According to Indhu et al., 2014, Salmonella spp., E.coli., Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and Coliform were detected on eggshells based on biochemical data and microscopic examination [8]. In the same context, the researchers reported that microbial species isolated from eggshells were Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis for the bacterial isolates [9]. The goal of this study is to look for harmful bacteria on an eggshell from table eggs sold in Benghazi and estimate the bacterial contamination of eggshells.
Conclusion
The findings of the study reveal that egg samples sold in Benghazi markets were contaminated with salmonella and that the presence of salmonella in the sector isolated bacteria (E), which is considered one of the most serious effects on community health in other areas of the world. The experiment discovered that in the city of Benghazi, customer-accessible table eggs are contaminated with a variety of germs, many of which are classified as foodborne diseases and are harmful to public health. Employees' dangerous actions in poultry farms, during storage, and the surrounding environment all contribute to microbial contamination, putting the customer at risk of disease infection. One of the common tasks that healthcare institutions should implement is the development of effective and consistent safety measures in the city'smarketplaces and businesses. In addition, the producer and seller must store the eggs in special refrigerators at appropriate temperatures to prevent microbial contamination of the table eggs sold in markets. In a future study, we will investigate the role of microbial content on table eggshells in transmitting diseases to foods processed using it, the relationship between content density and the rate of food contamination, and the severity of public health.