Pyriproxyfen: Effect on Morphometrics and Total Protein of Accessory Sex Glands of Spodoptera mauritia Boisd
Abstract
Spodoptera mauritia is a sporadic pest of Oryza sativa L. which usually occurs on rice from July to September, feeding on the leaves in large numbers. Accessory Sex Glands (ASGs) play a crucial role in the reproductive success of insects. Pyriproxyfen (PPN), the Juvenile hormone agonist, is an environment friendly Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) well known to interfere with insect reproductive system. In the present study, PPN treatments in different ages of this insect produced variable results. All the newly ecdysed day 0 pupae of S. mauritia, topically applied with 1 µg/µl PPN didn't survive beyond day 4 whereas 0.1 µg/µl PPN treated pupae showed only 61% mortality but the survivors showed failure of emergence. In both sexes, ASGs showed retarded development when compared to control. In the male adultoids, total ASGs proteins reduced significantly and it was evident from their electrophorogram also. The day 0 adult males when topically applied with a single high dose of PPN showed no mortality and their total ASG proteins were significantly increased and this increase was reflected in their electrophorogram.
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Introduction
Numerous studies have demonstrated that Accessory Sex Glands (ASGs) play an essential role in reproduction. In most insects, ASGs become functional in adults. Several functions have been attributed to the secretion produced by ASGs. The functions of ASGs can be classified as structural, biochemical, behavioural and physiological (Fernandez & Cruz-Landim, 2005). The development and differentiation, synthesis and release of secretions of ASGs are under the control of endocrine system in insects. Critical titer of ecdysteroids secreted by prothoracic glands and juvenile hormone (JH) secreted by corpora allata (CA) are necessary for the normal development of ASGs (Gillott & Gaines, 1992). Many authors have shown that JH regulates protein synthesis in the ASGs (Blaine & Dixon, 1973; Gillott & Freidel, 1976; Venkatesh & Gillott, 1983; Ogiso & Takabashi, 1984; Gillott & Gaines, 1992).
The discovery of compounds with hormonal and antihormonal activities have greatly facilitated studies on Insect Endocrinology. These compounds designated as Insect Growth Regulators can induce hormone deficiency or hormone excess in treated insects and have greater potential in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes as insect control agents (Nair, 1993; Oetken et al., 2000). The IGRs acting as ecdysone agonists/antagonists or JH analogues/anti JH agents disrupt the endocrine and reproductive physiology of a number of insects to aid in their control. The present study deals with the effect of Pyriproxyfen (PPN), a JH agonist, on the development, differentiation and the secretory activity of ASGs of Spodoptera Mauritia.
Conclusion
The newly ecdysed day 0 pupae, topically applied with 1 µg/µl PPN showed hundred percent mortality on day 4. In 0.1 µg/µl PPN treated pupae, only 61% mortality was observed but the development of ASGs were highly reduced in both sexes when compared to control. The total ASG proteins of male adultoids were significantly reduced than that of emerged control male insects. Their electrophoretic profile showed less staining intensities in most peptide bands as well as disappearance of some bands when compared to that of control. Day 0 adult males showed no mortality when applied with a single high dose of PPN. Their total protein of ASGs significantly increased than that of the control insects and the staining intensities of most of the peptides were considerably more when compared to that of control. This study demonstrates the dual, stage-dependent effect of Pyriproxyfen on the reproductive physiology of Spodoptera mauritia—inhibitory during pupal development and stimulatory in adults—highlighting its potential as an effective IGR for pest management strategies
References
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