Response of Dairy Cow on Different Types of Feeding Diet: A Review
Abstract
This research critically investigates dairy cows responses to various feeding diets, including forage-based diets, total mixed rations (TMR), and new dietary supplements. Dairy cows are fed a variety of diets, each with its own role and effects. The review explains the varied consequences of various feeding regimens on dairy cow performance, health, and environmental sustainability through a thorough examination of contemporary literature. Milk yield, composition, and quality, as impacted by various dietary components, are important topics of study. The review also investigates the nutritional adequacy and digestibility of alternate feed sources in dairy cow diets, such as crop residues and byproducts, to provide light on their potential as sustainable feed solutions. From this review article we have learned that if green fodder and concentrate is given to dairy cow as part of mixed diet then overall health or milk production of the animal will be improved and when feed mixture of dry fodder or concentrate or mineral mixture or biphosphate is given along with green fodder, the animal is healthy or gives good milk production and well prepared for the next calving.
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Introduction
For thousands of years, dairy production has played a significant role in the agricultural landscape. About 70% of people live in villages in India, a For thousands of years, dairy production has played a significant role in the agricultural landscape. About 70% of people live in villages in India, a country with a predominately agrarian economy where animals are essential to everyday life. High-quality foods like milk, cheese, butter, ghee, and others are produced by livestock. India is the world'sbiggest consumer of milk and milk products in addition to being one of the top producers of milk worldwide. To meet domestic demand, we must import a sizable quantity of milk products due to the shortage in supply. Animal husbandry and agriculture coexist in a symbiotic connection whereby the former supplies livestock with food and straw, while the latter provides milk, manure, and labor for a variety of agricultural tasks. India'ssocioeconomic landscape is changing thanks in large part to the dairy industry. In addition to offering better nutritional benefits, it has produced a great deal of job chances. With arise in domestic output, dairy production is essential to the livestock industry and the country'seconomy Azage et al., (2013). Regarding employment, income creation, and consumption, this sector provides a substantial and widely held section of the rural population with their means of subsistence. Additionally, milk and milk products contribute to nutritional energy requirements, high-quality protein, minerals, and vitamins, especially in vegetarian diets for humans. Górska et al., (2019). Dairy cattle form a unique niche among animals used for human purposes. They were chosen from among cattle to serve a single, highly specialized function: producing fluid milk. There are no other livestock breeds that have undergone as much systematic and prolonged selection for milk production as dairy cattle, despite the fact that many dairy cattle are equally valuable as meat or draught animals. Cattle are raised for dual (meat and milk) or even triple (meat, milk, and draught) purposes in many regions of the world. Cattle breeds usually exhibit the results of having so many goals. Breeds of cattle raised primarily for milk production, particularly in Europe and North America, are known as dairy cattle breeds.
Five essential nutrients—protein, carbs, fats, minerals, and vitamins—are needed by cattle. Each nutrient plays a unique purpose in the body. For example, protein is necessary for body growth and to repair wear and tear on the body. It also plays a significant role in the production of milk. The primary sources of protein include sunflower meal, groundnut cake, and oil cake. The body needs carbs as a source of energy to carryout its basic functions. Fats, on the other hand, supply about 2.5 times the energy of proteins and carbohydrates combined. Animals obtain their fat from oilseed cake and feed additives such as bypass fat. Maize, pearl millet, etc. Since maize has a larger energy content than other grains, ground maize is employed as an energy source in the majority of animal feeds. For dairy animals to produce and reproduce well, about fifteen minerals are needed, including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, copper, and cobalt. Dairy animals may produce certain vitamins internally, such as B complex, C, K, and D when exposed to sunshine, but we also need to provide them external sources of vitamins A and E, which can be obtained from minerals mixed with green feed.
FIGURE 1: Scientific feeding of dairy animal TABLE 1 Breed Origin Milk Production Holstein Friesian Holland. 7200-9000 Kg Jersey France. 5000-8000 Kg.
Red Sindhi Pakistan 1700-3400 Kg Sahiwal Pakistan 1350-2100 Kg Gir India 900-1600 kg 1.1 Milk production of dairy cow kg per lactation according to icar.org: The way dairy cows are raised plays a vital role in milk production, and a high-grain diet has a significant impact on milk production.
High-grain diets, characterized by a higher proportion of grains such as corn or barley, have been shown to affect dairy cow performance and lead to changes in fat and protein content in milk.
Research shows that diets based on barley and corn generally produce higher fat yields compared to concentrates, highlighting the importance of dietary composition on milk production.
Additionally, research shows that a high-fat diet improves milk production efficiency, as evidenced by lower dry matter intake and increased milk and butterfat production. On the other hand, dairy cows' milk quality has been demonstrated to be impacted by diets based on forage. The fatty acid profiles of milk can be impacted by the quality of the forage consumed; dairy cows fed maize stalks produced milk with a higher concentration of particular fatty acids. In addition, it has been discovered that diets with higher-quality alfalfa and a lower concentrate % produce milk that is equivalent to diets with lower-quality alfalfa and a higher concentrate percentage, highlighting the significance of forage quality in preserving milk productivity. These studies show that adding forage-based diets to dairy cattle'sdiets can significantly affect the content and quality of their milk. Since balanced diet gives dairy cows the nutrients they need to produce large amounts of milk, it is crucial for increasing milk productivity.
Moreover, the diet'scomposition—in particular, its level of fat, protein, and carbohydrates—is essential for supplying dairy cows with the nutrients they need to produce a lot of milk.
