Review on Barley Scald Disease Management
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)is one of the ancient grain crops cultivated and used worldwide. In Ethiopia, barley is among important staple crops next to tef, maize, wheat and sorghum mainly grown on about 1 million ha of land with average yield of 2.1t ha. Leaf scaldis one of the most important diseases of barley in the worldwide where the crop is grown and it causes significant reduction in yield and quality. In Ethiopia, barley is the predominant cereal in the high altitudes and it accounts nearly 25% of the total production in Africa. In addition, Ethiopia is the second largest barley producer in Africa.
Leaf scaldis one of the most important diseases of barley in the worldwide wherever the crop is grown and it causes significant reduction in yield and quality. Yield loss due to scald disease reaches up to 100% insusceptible cultivars under severe epidemics. In Ethiopia, scaldis among widely distributed and destructive diseases in cool highland areas and yield losses reaching about 67% have been recorded. This review discusses recent information on economic importance, epidemiology, life cycle, geographical distribution and disease management of barley leaf scald disease. It also presents the barley leaf scald disease management methods such as cultural, chemical, use of host resistance methods as well as integrated barley leaf scald disease management. Under host resistance method, information on types of resistance, sources of resistance have been presented.
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Introduction
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)is one of the ancient grain crops cultivated and used worldwide (; Baik and Ullrich, 2008). It has been grown in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago (Zohary and Hopf, 2000) and is mainly produced for feeding and malting worldwide. Moreover, barley occupies 57 million hectares of the world‟sagricultural land area, and is a staple food for many people globally, in addition to its uses in malting and as an animal feed (Newton et al., 2011). In Ethiopia, barley is among important staple crops next to tef, maize, wheat and sorghum mainly grown on about 1 million ha of land with average yield of 2.1t ha (CSA, 2017). Ethiopia is the second largest barley producer in Africa (FAO, 2014). Ethiopia accounts nearly 25% of the total production in Africa (FAO, 2014). Scaldis a serious foliar disease in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)and occurs worldwide wherever barley is grown (Shipton, 1974). It can cause up to 40% yield loss insusceptible cultivars and also has a detrimental impact on grain quality. Thus, scaldis considered as one of the most economically important barley disease worldwide predominantly in the cool and semi-humid barley growing areas (Zhan et al., 2008).
Conclusion
Barley is one of the world‟smost important crops providing food and related products for millions of people. Diseases continue to pose a serious threat to barley production and one of the most economically important diseases of barley is leaf scald which is caused by a fungus known as Rhynchosporium commune. Rhynchosporium is one of the most destructive diseases of barley worldwide, especially in areas with cool temperate climates. It can cause yield losses up to 100% and decrease grain quality, thus discounting prices for quality uses such as malting. Therefore, there should be sustainable management strategies to tackle the impact of barley leaf scald on barley production. Sustainable management strategies of barley leaf scald needs to integrate major-gene-mediated resistance, partial resistance and other strategies such as customized fungicide programmes, species or cultivar rotation, resistance gene deployment, clean seed and cultivar mixtures. In general, barley leaf scald disease is best managed by integrated and multifaceted approach, including application of fungicides, manipulation of sowing date, cultural disease management, and the use of resistant cultivars.
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