Volume-12, Issue-7, July 2026

Abstract

This research examined Nigerian cattle populations in Taraba State by studying mitochondrial DNA sequence data to determine their genetic diversity within and between different breeds. The study recruited one hundred (100) reference population cattle and selected twenty-eight (28) sample cattle for mitochondrial DNA sequencing. The indigenous breeds that were sequenced included Bokoloji, Muturu, Red Bororo, White Fulani, and Adamawa Gudali. The four study locations were Iware, Wukari, Donga, and Gembu. Blood used for DNA extraction was collected using Flinders Technology Associates (FTA) paper, which was used to conduct sequence analysis for studying genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary relationships. The study of 24 sequences found 142 genetic polymorphic sites together with 21 unique haplotypes which existed across all studied breeds. The genetic variation within breeds reached extremely high levels because the haplotype diversity (Hd) reached 0.992 and the nucleotide diversity (π) reached 0.033. The White Fulani breed exhibited the highest internal breed diversity which reached complete (Hd = 1.000) and 41.5 percent (π = 0.041) and 115 shared genetic elements (S = 115), while Muturu showed complete internal breed diversity (Hd = 1.000) and 39 percent (π = 0.039), and Red Bororo displayed lower breed diversity which reached 93.3 percent (Hd = 0.933) and 1.5 percent (π = 0.015). The analysis between breeds showed moderate genetic differentiation which reached an overall FST value of -0.025 while the gene flow (Nm) reached 1.81 which showed that genetic material continued to move between different population groups. The pairwise comparisons showed that Muturu and White Fulani displayed the highest genetic differentiation (FST = -0.018, Gst = 0.072, Da = -0.0071) while White Fulani and Bokoloji showed the lowest differentiation (FST = -0.014, Gst = 0.072). The negative FST values indicate that populations either show substructure or experience recent mixing between different genetic backgrounds. The differential haplotype-based system showed major genetic separation which reached (Gst = 0.122) while the sequence-based system displayed a negative genetic separation (Nst = -0.212). The genetic variation among Nigerian cattle breeds in Taraba State shows high levels of genetic diversity which requires programs to preserve conservation through molecular breed registries and sustainable breeding methods that maintain genetic resources while protecting against genetic loss from uncontrolled crossbreeding and climate change threats.

Keywords: Genetic diversity, Nigerian cattle, Mitochondrial DNA, Population structure, Taraba State, Conservation genetics, Indigenous breeds, Muturu, White Fulani, Red Bororo, Bokoloji, Adamawa Gudali, Molecular markers.

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Abstract

Ethno-medicinal practices (EMPs) play a crucial role in primary healthcare among tribal communities, particularly in regions with limited access to modern medical facilities. The present study was conducted in Idukki district of Kerala with the objectives of documenting EMPs related to oral care, assessing their scientific rationality, and analyzing their adoption and perceived effectiveness among tribal farmers. The study was carried out in three phases: documentation through participatory interviews and focus group discussions, rationality assessment using expert evaluation, and field-level analysis of adoption and effectiveness among 452 tribal farmers. A total of thirteen EMPs were documented, of which eleven were found to be scientifically rational based on expert scoring. The presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolic compounds supports their therapeutic potential in treating oral diseases. The results revealed a high level of adoption, with most EMPs practiced by more than 60 percent of respondents, and all widely adopted practices were perceived as effective. Practices involving Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Sesbania grandiflora showed higher levels of rationality, adoption, and effectiveness. The study concludes that EMPs are scientifically valid, culturally accepted, and economically viable, offering significant potential for integration into sustainable oral healthcare systems.

Keywords: Ethno-medicinal practices, Adoption, Perceived effectiveness, Oral care, Tribal communities, Idukki, Kerala, Traditional medicine, Phytochemicals, Oral health.

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Abstract

Mogrosides are a group of cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides extracted from monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii) and are widely recognized for their intense sweetness and health-promoting properties. Among them, mogroside V is the primary bioactive compound responsible for sweetness, exhibiting approximately 150–300 times the sweetness of sucrose without caloric contribution. In recent years, mogrosides have gained considerable attention due to their multifunctional biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects. Additionally, their stability under various processing conditions makes them suitable for application in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, biosynthesis, functional properties, and industrial applications of mogrosides, along with recent advances in their extraction, safety evaluation, and future research directions.

Keywords: Mogrosides, Natural sweeteners, Monk fruit, Glycosyltransferases, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic, Nutraceuticals, Functional foods.

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Abstract

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, has become an important constraint in okra cultivation due to its ability to multiply rapidly and cause serious damage to foliage. Infestation often results in reduced photosynthetic activity, poor plant vigour, and significant losses in yield and marketable quality, particularly under warm and dry conditions. Continuous reliance on synthetic acaricides has resulted in several challenges, including resistance development, pesticide residues, resurgence of pest populations, and adverse effects on beneficial organisms. These concerns have encouraged researchers to explore environmentally safer alternatives for mite management.

This review critically examines published information on plant-derived acaricides and their potential role in managing T. urticae in okra-based production systems. Findings from studies conducted in India and other countries indicate that neem-based products, garlic-chilli extracts, karanja oil, tulsi extracts, and several essential oils possess significant acaricidal, repellent, and growth-regulating properties. Evidence generated from field investigations conducted under the doctoral research programme of Singh at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, indicated that NSKE 5%, azadirachtin 0.03%, and neem oil were among the most promising botanical options for suppressing Tetranychus urticae populations under field conditions. Unlike many conventional acaricides that primarily target a single physiological pathway, botanical products influence mite populations through several complementary mechanisms, including direct toxicity, feeding inhibition, reproductive suppression, interference with growth and development, reduction in fecundity, and oviposition deterrence. Their comparatively lower toxicity to natural enemies enhances their suitability for incorporation into integrated pest management programmes. Although several promising results have been reported, challenges related to formulation standardisation, field persistence, and large-scale adoption still need to be addressed. Future efforts should focus on improving formulation technology, validating performance across diverse agro-climatic conditions, and promoting farmer awareness. Overall, botanical acaricides offer a promising component of sustainable and residue-conscious mite management strategies in okra cultivation.

Keywords: Tetranychus urticae Koch, botanical acaricides, neem-based pesticides, integrated pest management, okra, two-spotted spider mite, azadirachtin, NSKE, biopesticides, Abelmoschus esculentus.

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Abstract

Disasters have been occurring since time immemorial and have significant economic and social impacts, causing direct damages and long-term economic losses requiring large fiscal outlays for reconstruction and recovery in Africa. This paper reviews the state of disaster management in Africa and how African countries can best strengthen their disaster preparedness and response capabilities. The review examines disasters that have occurred over the past five decades (1970–2023), including natural disasters (droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, volcanoes, heatwaves, wildfires), man-made disasters (conflicts, insurgencies), and health emergencies (epidemics, pandemics, drug abuse). The research is based primarily on a qualitative literature review of secondary data sources, including journals, handbooks, working papers, government documents, and conference proceedings. The findings reveal that Africa faces a convergence of environmental, economic, and social vulnerabilities that reduce the capacity of individuals and communities to secure and protect their livelihoods. About 1,700 natural disasters have been reported in Africa over the past five decades, causing economic losses of approximately US$38.5 billion and over 750,000 deaths. The paper concludes that while disasters cannot be prevented, disaster management can be reinforced to reduce mortality and suffering. Strengthening early warning systems, enhancing institutional frameworks, promoting regional cooperation, and addressing underlying vulnerabilities are essential for building resilience and reducing disaster losses in Africa.

Keywords: Africa, Climate change, Disaster occurrences, Disaster management, Pandemics, Conflicts, Drug abuse, Vulnerability, Resilience, Emergency management.

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Abstract

Ash gourd, Benincasa hispida Thunb., is an important vegetable crop, cultivated globally for its medicinal values, and its production is hampered by many insect pests. Therefore, field experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of sticky traps, botanicals and organic pesticides, biopesticides, and newer insecticides against major pests of ash gourd in the farmer's holdings at Kaliyavur village of Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India during Rabi 2018. The results revealed that cylindrical white sticky traps attracted more number of alate forms of Myzus persicae Sulzer, and cylindrical yellow sticky traps attracted more number of adults of Liriomyza trifolii Burgess. Azadirachtin 3000 ppm at 2 mL/L was effective in reducing the insect pests. Beauveria bassiana formulation at 2 g/L was effective against Myzus persicae Sulzer and Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas. Diaphania indica Saunders was controlled by the application of Bacillus thuringiensis at 2 g/L. Newer insecticide molecules were very prominent in managing the major insect pests of ash gourd. The findings of the study will be helpful for the effective management of insect pests of ash gourd.

Keywords: Ash gourd, Insect pests, Sticky traps, Biopesticides, Newer molecules, Benincasa hispida, IPM, Botanicals, Myzus persicae, Aulacophora foveicollis, Diaphania indica.

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Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising advancements in modern pharmaceutical sciences due to its ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale and enhance their interaction with biological systems. In veterinary pharmacology and toxicology, nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to overcome the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems, such as poor bioavailability, lack of target specificity, rapid elimination, systemic toxicity, and drug residue concerns in food-producing animals. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems improve therapeutic efficacy by enhancing drug solubility, stability, controlled release, and targeted delivery.

Various nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, quantum dots, magnetic nanoparticles, nanoshells, and nanopores, have shown significant applications in veterinary therapeutics, diagnostics, oncology, vaccine delivery, and infectious disease management. These nanosystems improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs while minimizing adverse effects.

Despite their advantages, nanotechnology-based products raise important safety and toxicological concerns. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles may result in organ toxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, oxidative stress, and environmental hazards. Species-specific responses and long-term exposure effects further complicate safety evaluation in veterinary applications. Therefore, comprehensive nanotoxicological assessment and regulatory oversight are essential before widespread adoption.

The future prospects of nanotechnology in veterinary pharmacology and toxicology include the development of smart nanocarriers, nano-theranostics, nano-phytogenics, precision veterinary medicine, and environmentally safer nanomaterials. This review consolidates findings from multiple scientific studies to present a comprehensive overview of the current applications, safety issues, and future prospects of nanotechnology in veterinary pharmacology and toxicology (Alivisatos, 2004; McNeil, 2009; Patra et al., 2018).

Keywords: Nanotechnology; Veterinary pharmacology; Veterinary toxicology; Nanocarriers; Drug delivery systems; Nanotoxicology; Nanomedicine; Targeted drug delivery; Veterinary therapeutics; Nanosafety; Environmental toxicity.

References

1. Alghuthaymi, M. A., Hassan, A. A., Kalia, A., Sayed El Ahl, R. M., El Hamaky, A. A., Oleksak, P., ... & Abd-Elsalam, K. A. (2021). Antifungal nano-therapy in veterinary medicine: Current status and future prospects. Journal of Fungi, *7*(7), 494.
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Abstract

Fruit ripening is a vital physiological process that enhances the color, flavor, texture, and nutritional quality of climacteric fruits such as banana (Musa spp.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.). However, uncontrolled ripening accelerates senescence, leading to substantial postharvest losses. The present study aimed to evaluate simple, safe, and economical methods for accelerating (forward ripening) and delaying (reverse ripening) fruit ripening under ambient storage conditions. Mature, uniform, and defect-free banana and papaya fruits were subjected to different forward ripening treatments, including paper wrapping, banana leaf covering, plastic cover storage, and storage with ripened fruits to promote natural ethylene accumulation. Reverse ripening treatments consisted of coatings containing calcium chloride and sodium alginate at different concentrations, while potassium permanganate was evaluated as an ethylene scavenger. Fruits were stored at room temperature and monitored for seven days. Quality attributes, including total soluble solids (TSS), physiological weight loss, color development, and texture, were assessed using standard analytical procedures.

The results demonstrated that forward ripening treatments accelerated uniform ripening and improved market readiness through enhanced ethylene accumulation. In contrast, calcium chloride–sodium alginate coatings effectively delayed ripening; the 3% calcium chloride–sodium alginate coating extended ripening to 9 days while reducing physiological weight loss to 7 g, maintained firmness, and preserved fruit quality during storage. Potassium permanganate further contributed to extending shelf life by reducing ethylene concentration.

The study concludes that natural ripening techniques and edible coating treatments provide effective, low-cost, and safe alternatives for ripening management. These approaches have practical applications for farmers, retailers, and fruit industries by reducing postharvest losses, extending shelf life, and improving the marketability and quality of climacteric fruits.

Keywords: Banana, Papaya, Edible coating, Calcium chloride, Sodium alginate, Shelf life, Postharvest, Ripening regulation, Ethylene management, Climacteric fruits, Tropical fruits.

References

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Abstract

Economic activities by migrant populations lead to changes in landscape structure and land use in non-forested areas. This article aims to analyse the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest fragmentation and to examine the influence of migration on the configuration of the forest landscape within the Menabe Antimena protected area between 2017 and 2022. The methods used include a diachronic analysis of satellite imagery using remote sensing. Following canopy classification, land-use classes were categorised as forest or non-forest. The results reveal that forest fragmentation shows a generalised increase of 13.94% within the protected area and 25.05% at its periphery, with an overall peak observed in 2022. Furthermore, the configuration of forest fragments is significantly correlated with migration inflows. The landscape is dominated by micro-fragments covering an area of less than 20 ha, which account for between 98.86% (16,197 out of 16,383 fragments) and 99.18% (20,622 out of 20,792 fragments) of the total within the protected area; and 99.08% (11,607 out of 11,715 fragments) to 99.30% (12,226 out of 12,312 fragments) outside the protected area. At the same time, fragment density increased from 2.32 to 3.92 fragments/ha, resulting in a significant change in the fragmentation index (from 0.60 to 0.87) for the 20–50 ha class. These results make a major contribution to the overhaul of national conservation strategies by demonstrating the need to incorporate internal population flows into protected area management plans.

Keywords: Menabe Antimena Protected Area, Migration, Anthropogenic pressure, Fragmentation, Conservation, Forest fragmentation, Deforestation, Remote sensing, Landscape ecology, Madagascar, Dry forest, Climate-induced migration, Protected area management.

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Abstract

Genomic selection (GS) has transformed modern animal breeding by enabling the prediction of genetic merit using dense genome-wide molecular markers rather than relying solely on pedigree and phenotypic information. Since its conceptual introduction in 2001, GS has become a cornerstone of genetic improvement programs in livestock species, particularly dairy cattle, and has subsequently expanded to beef cattle, sheep, goats, swine, poultry, and aquaculture. The integration of high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping with advanced statistical prediction models has substantially increased the accuracy of breeding value estimation, shortened generation intervals, and accelerated rates of genetic gain. Compared with conventional best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection captures the combined effects of thousands of loci distributed throughout the genome, making it highly effective for complex quantitative traits governed by many genes of small effect. Recent advances, including single-step genomic BLUP, Bayesian prediction methods, whole-genome sequence analysis, functional genomics, multi-omics integration, artificial intelligence, and precision livestock farming technologies, have further enhanced the scope and efficiency of genomic prediction. These innovations are facilitating simultaneous improvement in productivity, fertility, feed efficiency, disease resistance, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. Moreover, genomic information is increasingly being integrated with genome editing technologies such as CRISPR to support precision breeding strategies. This review summarizes the historical evolution, fundamental principles, methodological developments, and practical applications of genomic selection in livestock breeding while highlighting emerging innovations and future research directions that are expected to shape next-generation animal improvement programs.

Keywords: Genomic selection; Genomic estimated breeding value; Genomic prediction; Single nucleotide polymorphism; Livestock breeding; Genomic BLUP; Animal genetics; GBLUP; ssGBLUP; Quantitative genetics; Marker-assisted selection; SNP; Heritability.

References

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Abstract

Rural communities across the Global South are increasingly exposed to a convergence of climate variability, geopolitical instability, supply-chain disruptions, and economic volatility. While conventional rural development approaches have primarily focused on agricultural productivity, market integration, and income enhancement, these strategies often overlook structural vulnerabilities associated with economic leakage, external dependency, and limited adaptive capacity. This paper proposes the Circular Rural Economy (CRE) framework as an integrated approach to strengthening rural resilience through local value retention, economic diversification, and collective enterprise development.

Drawing upon resilience theory, circular economy principles, sustainable livelihoods, and local economic development literature, the study introduces the GLIDE (Group Livelihoods for Development) Framework as an operational model for translating Circular Rural Economy principles into practice. Using evidence from GLIDE pilot interventions across multiple Indian states, the paper demonstrates how economic leakage analysis can identify opportunities for local production, wealth retention, and community-led enterprise development. Findings suggest that significant proportions of village expenditures are directed toward externally sourced goods and services that can potentially be produced using local resources, skills, and institutions.

The paper further develops the concept of Economic Leakage Resilience Theory (ELRT), which posits that resilience increases as communities retain a greater share of locally generated wealth and reduce dependence on external supply chains. To support measurement and policy application, a Rural Resilience Index (RRI) is proposed, integrating economic, social, ecological, institutional, and adaptive dimensions of resilience while explicitly incorporating economic leakage as a key indicator.

The study argues that Circular Rural Economy should be viewed not only as a livelihood promotion strategy but also as a climate adaptation, economic localization, and geopolitical resilience framework. By strengthening local production systems, collective enterprises, and community institutions, the GLIDE framework offers a scalable pathway toward resilient, self-reliant, and sustainable rural development. The findings contribute to emerging debates on rural resilience, localization, and adaptive development, while providing practical policy insights aligned with India's Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Keywords: Circular Rural Economy; Rural Resilience; Economic Leakage; Climate Adaptation; Community Enterprises; Local Economic Development; GLIDE Framework; Atmanirbhar Bharat; Sustainable Livelihoods; Rural Transformation.

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Abstract

The present exploratory and participatory study was purposively conducted in Shirol village of Udgir tehsil in Latur district of Maharashtra. The village was adopted by the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Udgir under the Unnat Bharat Abhiyan Scheme. This study explores the dynamics of livestock technology adoption among farmers in Shirol village, utilizing Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques. Recognizing the critical role of animal husbandry in rural Indian livelihoods, the research investigates how farmers make decisions regarding modern agricultural practices within a mixed-farming context. Using a whole-village participatory approach, primary data was gathered through PRA tools, specifically technology mapping, matrix ranking, and consequence diagram. The findings revealed that technologies are not simply adopted, but are discontinued, over-adopted, rejected, or reinvented as well based on practical field problems. Matrix ranking demonstrated that farmers prioritize simple, low-cost, and highly effective practices. Furthermore, farmers showed remarkable adaptability by reinventing tools such as creating homemade concentrate feeds and crafting low-cost poultry equipment to minimize daily expenses. While technologies like artificial insemination and vaccination ranked lower in overall farmer preference due to a heavy dependence on external veterinary services and specialized technicians. Ultimately, the integration of these livestock technologies has significantly enhanced animal health, milk yields, and overall socio-economic conditions in the region. However, realizing their full potential is hindered by high initial costs, limited awareness, and irregular technical support. The study concludes that strengthening field-level extension services and improving veterinary accessibility are vital steps toward promoting sustainable livestock development and maximizing technological benefits for rural communities.

Keywords: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Matrix ranking, Consequence diagram, Livestock technology, Technology adoption, Decision-making, Dairy farming, Goat rearing, Backyard poultry, Maharashtra.

References

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Abstract

One hundred genotypes of pearl millet including three checks were tested during kharif 2024 in an Alpha Lattice design to understand the genetic mechanisms associated in governing the inheritance of grain yield, nutritional (iron, zinc, and protein content in seeds), and physiological traits (harvest index, relative water content, and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading). Higher variability for iron and zinc; moderate variability for grain yield, harvest index, and protein; and low variability for relative water content and SPAD chlorophyll meter reading were recorded. High heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean were noted for iron content, zinc content, grain yield per plant, protein content, and harvest index, indicating predominance of additive gene action, and an early and simple selection would be advisable. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance over percent mean registered for relative water content indicated the operation of additive gene actions and might consistently manifest in future generations, resulting in increased effectiveness of the breeding program. Moderate heritability along with low genetic advance for SPAD chlorophyll meter reading revealed governance of non-additive genes and can be improved by heterosis breeding as simple selection might not be effective.

Keywords: Pearl millet, Variability, Physiological traits, Nutritional traits, Genetic advance, Heritability, Iron content, Zinc content, Protein content, Biofortification.

References

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2. Anuradha, N., Satyavathi, C.T., Bharadwaj, C., Sankar, M., Singh, S.P., & Pathy, T.L. (2018). Pearl millet genetic variability for grain yield and micronutrients in the arid zone of India. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(1), 875-878.
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7. Jaiswal, A., Kumhar, B.L., Kharbas, A.S., Choudhary, K., Gocher, K., Nayak, P.K., & Yadav, T.V. (2025). Analysis of variability parameters in restorer lines of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. Plant Archives, 25(1), 523-527.
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11. Naik, B.S.K. (2022). Genetic analysis of grain yield, morpho-physiological and nutritional traits in CGMS based hybrids of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.). Ph.D. Thesis. Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur.
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13. Priyanka, V., Shanthi, P., Reddy, D.M., & Reddy, B.R. (2019). Genetic variability studies on yield, physiological and nutritional traits in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.]. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(6), 1234-1245.
14. Singh, J., & Chhabra, A.K. (2018). Genetic variability and character association in advance inbred lines of pearl millet under optimal and drought condition. Ekin Journal of Crop Breeding and Genetics, 4(2), 45-51.
15. Sivasubramanian, S., & Madhavamenon, P. (1973). Combining ability in rice. Madras Agricultural Journal, 60, 419-421.
16. Swamynatham, S. (2019). Genetic divergence studies in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.). M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur.
17. Tandon, H.L.S. (1999). Methods of Analysis of Soils, Plants, Waters and Fertilisers. Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation, New Delhi.
18. Thomas, A.M., Babu, C., & Iyanar, K. (2018). Genetic variability and association studies in pearl millet for green fodder yield and quality traits. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 9(3), 1263-1271.
19. Varshney, R.K., Shi, C., Thudi, M., Mariac, C., Wallace, J., Qi, P., Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Rathore, A., & Srivastava, R.K. (2017). Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments. Nature Biotechnology, 35, 969-976.
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Abstract

The prohibition on the use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) has encouraged farmers to seek alternative feed additives, such as dragon fruit peel and papaya seeds. Dragon fruit peel contains various antioxidants, including vitamin C, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. Papaya seeds contain phytochemical compounds such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids, which have potential antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of administering aqueous extracts of dragon fruit peel, papaya seeds, and their combination through drinking water on the commercial carcass cuts of native chickens. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications, where each replication consisted of three native chickens. The treatments applied were drinking water without dragon fruit peel and papaya seed aqueous extract (P0), drinking water with 4% dragon fruit peel aqueous extract (P1), drinking water with 4% papaya seed aqueous extract (P2), and drinking water with 2% dragon fruit peel aqueous extract combined with 2% papaya seed aqueous extract (P3). The observed variables included carcass weight and commercial carcass cuts. The results showed that the administration of dragon fruit peel and papaya seed aqueous extracts in drinking water did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on carcass weight or commercial carcass cuts of native chickens. It can be concluded that the administration of 4% dragon fruit peel aqueous extract, 4% papaya seed aqueous extract, and the combination of 2% dragon fruit peel aqueous extract and 2% papaya seed aqueous extract was not able to increase the commercial carcass cuts of 10-week-old native chickens.

Keywords: Native chicken, Dragon fruit peel, Papaya seed, Commercial carcass, Aqueous extract, Feed additive, Natural growth promoter.

References

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6. Khalaji, S., Zaghari, M., Hatami, K., Hedari-Dastjerdi, S., Lotfollahian, H., & Nazarian, H. (2011). Effects of different levels of Thymus vulgaris essential oil and virginiamycin on the performance, immunity, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. African Journal of Biotechnology, *10*(61), 13482-13489.
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Abstract

An intensive field investigation was conducted during the year 2024-25 and 2025-26 to study the diversity of predatory mites associated with major agricultural and horticultural insect pests across South Gujarat. The predatory mite family Phytoseiidae emerged as the most dominant and ecologically significant group, represented by a high diversity of species belonging to the genus Amblyseius. During the study period, eight species from genus Amblyseius were identified: Amblyseius channabasavannai, A. largoensis, A. vasiformis, A. multidentatus, A. sacchari, A. gossypii, A. herbicolus and A. longispinosus. These predatory mites were predominantly associated with soft-bodied sucking pests, particularly the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Aleurolobus barodensis. The study establishes a critical taxonomic and ecological baseline for deploying these native phytoseiid predators within Integrated Pest Management (IPM) frameworks.

Keywords: Diversity, Mites, South Gujarat, Predatory mite, Amblyseius, Phytoseiidae, Biological control, Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, Taxonomy.

References

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Abstract

Milling and aromatic quality are two of the most economically important post-harvest attributes that determine the market value and consumer acceptance of rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study evaluated six milling quality traits and grain aroma in 30 rice landraces along with 3 released check varieties of Nepal. Milling quality was assessed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications following the IRRI Rice Knowledge Bank protocol, while grain aroma was scored using the standard 1.7% KOH sensory method on a 1-4 intensity scale by a panel of evaluators. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic differences for all studied milling quality traits. Head rice recovery, the most economically valuable milling trait, ranged from 50.07% (Ramkumar-3) to 75.05% (NGRC02829), with NGRC02829 emerging as the best milling-quality genotype. The KOH aroma test classified the 33 genotypes into four groups: 8 non-aromatic, 21 slightly aromatic, 3 moderately aromatic, and 1 strongly aromatic (Kalo Nuniya, mean score 3.50 ± 0.84), a genotype independently documented as an aromatic Nepalese landrace. A Kruskal-Wallis test confirmed significant genotypic variation in aroma intensity (H = 66.84, df = 32, p < 0.001), corroborated by a complementary one-way ANOVA (F = 3.10, p < 0.001), although inter-panelist agreement was low (Fleiss' κ = 0.05), reflecting the well-documented subjectivity of sensory-based aroma scoring. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on the combined milling and aroma trait profile grouped the genotypes into four clusters, separating a superior-milling cluster (headed by NGRC02829) from a poor-milling cluster, and showed that the strongly aromatic landrace Kalo Nuniya did not belong to the best-milling group. Overall, the study identifies landraces with superior milling recovery and distinct aroma expression that represent valuable breeding material for improving the grain quality of Nepalese rice.

Keywords: Nepalese Rice landraces, Milling quality, Head rice recovery, Grain aroma, KOH test.

References

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13. Sharma, S., Pokhrel, A., Dhakal, A., & Paudel, A. (2020). Agro-morphological characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of Lamjung and Tanahun district, Nepal. Annals of Plant Sciences, *9*(2), 3731-3741.
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18. Tiwari, D. N., Pandey, M. P., Manandhar, H. K., Bhusal, T. N., & Beshir, A. (2025). Exploring diversity in aromatic rice landraces for physio-chemical, cooking and milling quality traits in Nepal. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 1-14.

Abstract

The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier is one of the most serious pests of sorghum at post-harvest. The experiment was carried out at Biocontrol Laboratory, Department of Entomology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during the period from June to November, 2025 to study the biology of the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier on sorghum. The study revealed that the incubation period, total larval and pupal period, pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period of Angoumois grain moth were 4.42 ± 1.03 days, 26.00 ± 1.89 days, 1.95 ± 0.78 days, 3.03 ± 0.77 and 4.28 ± 1.01 days, respectively. The average hatching percentage of egg was 87.57 ± 4.74%. The average number of eggs laid by a female moth was 100.23 ± 35.87 eggs per female. The average longevity of female moth was 9.35 ± 1.03 days while male moth lived for 7.10 ± 0.77 days. The total life cycle of female and male of S. cerealella were 43.17 ± 2.74 days and 38.30 ± 2.41 days, respectively.

Keywords: Sorghum, Biology, Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, Stored grain pest, Life cycle, Fecundity, Post-harvest loss.

References

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16. Saikia, J., Goswami, M. M., & Bhattacharyya, B. (2014). Biology and detection technique of angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on stored rice and maize grains. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, *2*(6), 9-11.
17. Zote, V. (2023). Bionomics and non-chemical management of angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) on paddy [Ph.D. thesis, Navsari Agricultural University].

Abstract

The laboratory experiment on the effect of entomopathogens on the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier revealed that the significantly highest percent adult mortality (72.33%) of S. cerealella was recorded in deltamethrin at 0.04 mL/kg after 72 hours of treatment. In case of entomopathogens, the treatment of M. anisopliae 1.15 WP (1.0 × 108 CFU/g) + diatomaceous earth @ 20 + 5 g/kg was found to be the next effective treatment having 65.80% adult mortality. The significantly lowest percent adult mortality (38.33%) of S. cerealella was recorded in Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP (1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g) at 10 g/kg after 72 hours of treatment. In case of adult emergence, the significantly lowest adult emergence (2.00) was recorded in deltamethrin at 0.04 mL/kg. The significantly highest seed germination (91.33%) was recorded in treatment of B. bassiana 1.15 WP (1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g) + diatomaceous earth at 20 + 5 g/kg and M. anisopliae 1.15 WP (1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g) + diatomaceous earth at 20 + 5 g/kg (91.00%). The significantly lowest seed moisture content (8.24%) was recorded in B. bassiana 1.15 WP (1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g) + diatomaceous earth at 20 + 5 g/kg and it was statistically at par with M. anisopliae 1.15 WP (1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g) + diatomaceous earth at 20 + 5 g/kg (8.41%).

Keywords: Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Diatomaceous earth, Sitotroga cerealella, Stored grain pest, Sorghum, Biological control, Seed viability, Entomopathogenic fungi.

References

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Abstract

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) is an important vegetable crop cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions, with India contributing the largest share of global production. Among the major arthropod pests affecting okra, the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, causes serious economic losses by reducing plant growth, fruit quality, and marketable yield. Effective management of this pest requires an integrated strategy that combines host plant resistance, biological control, cultural practices, judicious use of acaricides, and timely advisory support to farmers. This review critically examines published research on the biology, host range, damage potential, resistance mechanisms, and management approaches for T. urticae in okra. Particular emphasis is placed on integrated pest management (IPM), the role of agricultural extension services, digital advisory systems, and precision agriculture technologies in promoting sustainable mite management. The review also identifies existing research gaps, including the need for standardized resistance-screening methods, economic threshold levels, resistance monitoring, and climate-resilient management strategies. Strengthening collaboration among researchers, extension agencies, and farming communities will be essential for improving the adoption of scientifically validated practices and ensuring sustainable okra production under changing climatic conditions. The findings presented in this review may assist researchers, extension professionals, and policymakers in designing sustainable mite-management programmes suitable for diverse agro-ecological conditions.

Keywords: Tetranychus urticae, Okra, Integrated pest management, Agricultural extension, Biological control, Host plant resistance, Sustainable agriculture, Two-spotted spider mite, Abelmoschus esculentus, Acaricide resistance, IPM adoption, Farmer Field School.

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