Volume-7, Issue-12, December 2021

Abstract

This work was done to ascertain the functional and pasting properties of wheat-soy-sweet potato composite flour. Wheat flour, sweet potato flour and soybean flour blends were prepared indifferent proportions with completely randomized design resulting to 7 samples including control which is 100% wheat flour. Functional and pasting properties of the composite flours were determined and compared with wheat flour as control. The bulk densities of the flour blends ranged from 0.717 to 0.809 g/mL, there was a significant difference in the water absorption capacity of the flour blends. Oil absorption capacity (OAC) ranged between 0.623 to 0.759 mL/g, least gelation concentration (LGC) of the flour samples ranged from 2.000% to 12.000% while the swelling capacity of different flour blends at temperature 50oC ranged from 1.32% to 2.006%. Peak viscosity, sample WSO (90% wheat flour: 10% soybean flour: 0% sweet potato flour) had the highest peak viscosity of 273.075 RVU, sample WOS (90% wheat flour: 0% soybean flour: 10% sweet potato flour) had the highest trough viscosity (245.915 RVU) while sample WSS (80% wheat flour: 10% soybean flour: 10% sweet potato flour) had the highest breakdown viscosity value (94.245 RVU) compared to the control sample WOO which had 100% wheat flour. This investigation shows that setback value was highest for sample WSS (80% wheat flour +10% soybean flour + 10 % sweet potato flour) at 220.325 RVU. Sample SSO (0% Wheat flour: 50% Soybean: 50% Sweet potato flour) had highest pasting temperature of 93.450oC compared to control flour samples.

Keywords: functional properties, pasting properties, composite flour, wheat flour, soy flour, sweet potato flour

References

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Abstract

The whole world, Rwanda inclusive is striving to improve access to affordable and reliable modern forms of energy services which may result in poverty and environmental related effects alleviation and sustaining the global economy (Leach, 1992; UNDP, 2005; Modi et al., 2005; WHO, 2006a; UNDP and WHO, 2009; UNIDO, 2009; AGECC, 2010; World Bank, 2011a; Barnes et al., 2011; Ekouevi and Tuntivate, 2012). However, currently 1.26 billion people do not have access to electricity and 2.64 billion people rely on traditional biomass (firewood, charcoal, dung and agricultural residues) for cooking mainly in rural areas of developing countries (IEA, 2013).

In the recent years Cooking gases were introduced in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries as best approach of cleaner energy which takes into account the protection from prevention from the emission of greenhouse gases which led to the global warming effect and air pollution (UNDP and WHO, UNIDO, 2009).

Several researchers have conducted many studies on the approach of introducing the use of gases in cooking as previously charcoal and fire woods were used in daily life as available approach of cooking while they increase the rate of environmental degradation due to deforestation during the production of charcoal and fire woods (World Bank, 2011a). Research study was conducted on effect of gaz fire on economic development of Rwanda, case of Nyarugenge and Gitega Secctors in Nyarugenge District of Kigali City where different perception on the cause of gas fire or Incendies were elaborated, among 96 interviewed and consulted people selected from 2123people of Nyarugenge and Gitega sectors 14 agreed on poor installation, 10 agreed on Shortage of area to hold cooking gases, 18 agreed on Carelessness during using gases,30 agreed on the Lack of fire extinguishers while 24 remaining consulted populations agreed on Lack of enough skills and training.

The Corelation of progress in gas use and fire accidents in Gitega and Nyaugenge sectors were also analyzed where the research findings showed that there is a high increment in gases use in the years of 2016 ,2017,2018,2018 and 2020 as the following percentage 0.4;0.8;11;30,63 respectively, however, the increments in accidents were related to the stated years are 0;3;4;6’11 respectively.

Keywords: Effect of gas fire on economic development, clean energy, Kitchen Fires for Nyarugenge, Kitchen Fires for Gitega, KIGALI CITY, energy services, Cooking gases, greenhouse gases, charcoal and fire woods

References

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Abstract

Study of socio-economic factors affecting fish farmers in Aba state, Nigeria was carried out between January, 2017 to January, 2018 with the aim of identifying socio-economic factors affecting fish farming in the area and proffer solutions for potential government support towards aquaculture development in Abia State as well as to recommend ways fish farming can be improved and promoted. Abia State was visited through the assistant of the staffs of their various ministries of agriculture and natural resources as well as those from agricultural development programmes. Identified farmers were subsequently counted according to their fish farm circles, blocks, and agricultural zones in their respective states. The population sample comprised of sixty four (64) fish farmers that were randomly selected within the farm circles, blocks and agricultural zones of the states through Taro Yamani formula. Questionnaires, interviews, field observations, visits to some fish farms were photographs were taken where all used during data collection. Questionnaires used were divided into five sections that covered the objectives of the study. Data collected were then analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, etc.), inferential statistics and SPSS version 2020 were all used. The study revealed that majority of the fish farmers were males(76.9%),who were married (64.1%) with an average age that ranged between 41—50 years (37.9%), with alow level of education mainly primary education (39.1%) and a household size of 4—6 persons (50.9%). They used mainly family labour (60.0%) with a relative low level of production 4—5 ponds (46.6%) and an average annual income that ranges between N100, 000---- N500, 000 (60.0%) among them. Marketing constraints was noticed to be among the most ranked major constraints faced by these fish farmers, it was also noticed that there were no government support towards fish farming activities in the state. Consequently, the study recommended that fish farmers in the States be fortified to form cooperative societies in order to gain access to credit facilities.

Keywords: socio-economic factors, fish farmers, credit facilities

References

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Abstract

Frog farming is a consolidated aquaculture activity in Brazil. American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) are raised in high densities and fed artificial diets, conditions that favors the emergence of diseases. A common disease affecting farmed frogs is a nervous syndrome characterized by postural and locomotive alterations resembling a vestibular disease in other species. Ninety-one sick frogs were analyzed from two different farms located at Goiás State in Central-Western Brazil. Frogs were first clinically assessed and further necropsied to identify lesions. Samples from the whole head, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach, intestine, lungs, gonads, skin and blood were obtained for histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHQ), bacteriology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and real-time PCR. Macroscopic lesions affecting the inner ear region were collected for histopathology. Inflammatory lesions with necrosis and lymphocytic infiltrate affecting the labyrinthine endorgans, with necrotic foci, abundant macrophages and cellular debris associated with inflammatory infiltrates and acidophilic inclusion bodies were observed. No bacteria were isolated or identified in these lesions. IHQ showed positive staining for Iridoviridae and TEM confirmed viral particles. qPCR also detected a virus from Ranavirus genus. These findings indicate that Ranavirus cause frog vestibular syndrome. As far as we know this is the first report of Ranavirus producing nervous lesions.

Keywords: Ranavirus, Vestibular syndrome, American bullfrogs, Iridoviridae

References

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Abstract

N-free medium (Nfb, LGI and Burks) were used to isolate bacteria having nitrogen fixation characteristics. Quantitative measurement by colorimetric methods helped to select the best isolates of nitrogen-fixing and IAA biosynthesis. The result of isolation was a total of 30 rhizopheric and 150 endophytic isolates having the both abilities. Sixty isolates having good biofertilizer activity were chosen to study. Isolates strains have both nitrogen fixation produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro. Six selected isolates had 16S rDNA sequences similarities with bacterial strains in data of GenBank with the values ranging between 94% and 99% of similarity in which includes strains of Enterobacter ludwigii DNL14, Enterobacter kobei DNT5, Bacillus pumilus DBT4, Klebsiella pneumoniae DNR5, Lactobacillus plantarum DLR6, Pseudomonas nitroreducens DND5. Especially, strains of endophytic isolates root maize origin as Klebsiella pneumoniae DNR5 biofertilizer activities synthesized average highest as NH4 (5.64 mg/L) and IAA (5.29mg/L) which can be exploited for enhancing soil fertility and plant growth.

Keywords: Bacillus sp, Endophytic, Klebsiella sp, Maize, Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizosphere

References

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Abstract

Sapium sebiferum is one of the four woody oil tree species in China for bioenergy forest. Its seeds have high oil content and are widely used. It is an excellent tree species that can be cultivated as a renewable energy source. An experiment was conducted to study culture in vitro and rapid propagation of S. sebiferum using segments with axillary bud. The results showed that the survival rate could be reached to 50.0% when the explants were disinfected with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds and with 0.1% HgCl for 10 minutes. In induction culture, the lateral buds began to sprout about 5 days later, 2 and after 20 days, the buds gradually differentiated. Among the three basic mediums, WPM medium has the highest effective bud induction rate, the effect of 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) mass concentration on axillary bud induction rate is extremely significant. The optimal medium WPM +6-BA 0.5mg/L+ NAA 0.05mg/L, conducting bud induction, and the induction rate could reach 62.9% after 30 days. Multiplication culture was carried out in the medium MS + 6-BA 1.0 mg/L +NAA 0.5 mg/L+ KT 0.5 mg/L, the proliferation effect was the best, with the multiplication rate of 81.2% and proliferation multiple of 3.2. The results of variance analysis showed that Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) is the main factor affecting bud proliferation, followed by 6-BA. The rooting rate was up to 93.3% after induction in the medium 1/2 MS+ IBA 0.5mg/L. The establishment of rapid propagation technology system through tissue culture is an important way to solve the shortage of high-quality seedlings and provide technical support for the establishment of large scale S. sebiferum energy forest.

Keywords: Sapium sebiferum; Bioenergy; Stem section; Culture in vitro; Rapid propagation

References

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