Agriculture Journal: Volume-11, Issue-1, January, 2025

Abstract- Mulberry is a deciduous, perennial plant that grows quickly in a variety of climatic, topographical, and soil conditions. The mulberry plant's rich constituents have led to its extensive application in a range of businesses. Mulberry has long been used as a functional food due to its high concentration of phytochemical components. Mulberry fruits are difficult to preserve due to their high water content; as a result, many value-added goods such as syrups, wines, teas, squashes, jams, breads, jellies and köme, pekmez (turkish by-products), yogurts, vinegar, parathas, biscuits, and many more are produced for optimal usage. Mulberries and their extracts contain antimicrobial, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-cancer activities and are used to treat a variety of acute and chronic conditions. Morus species' fruits, twigs, leaves, and bark exhibit significant anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, making it a viable cosmetic whitening agent. The current review focuses on the phytochemical composition, functioning, nutritional and nutraceutical potential of Mulberry, as well as its use as a common ingredient in many cosmetic products.
Keywords— Antimicrobial, Anti-Hyperglycemic, Anti-Inflammatory, Mulberry.

Abstract- The experiment was designed to verify how supplementation chicken feed with Lactobacillus would affect the performance of Arbor Acre and Ross broilers. In total, 240-day-old chicks of both sexes were randomly allotted to four groups that had different Lactobacillus supplementation levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% for eight weeks, during which time all the performance parameters were measured, including initial and final body weight, total weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Results have shown that breeds are significantly different and so are the supplementation levels. The 10% Lactobacillus supplementation level proved the best, improving final body weight by 16.36%, average daily weight gain by 16.83%, and hence optimized feed conversion ratio by 17.65%. Arbor Acre always had higher initial body weight and feed intake compared to Ross breeds. Generally, the study has shown that targeted probiotic supplementation could serve as a viable alternative to antibiotic use in poultry besides determining an optimum inclusion level of Lactobacillus to enhance performance in broilers Light.
Keywords— Lactobacillus, broiler breeds, probiotics, growth performance, feed efficiency.

Abstract- This study evaluated the haematological and serum biochemical responses of two broiler chicken breeds, Arbor Acre and Ross, to different levels of Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation. This experiment was a completely randomized design with 2 × 4 factorial arrangements where 240 day-old mixed-sex broiler chicks of both Arbor Acre and Ross chicken breeds were allotted to four groups and fed 0, 5, 10, and 15 mL of Lactobacillus, respectively. The results of the haematological analysis indicated that the packed cell volume, RBC count, and haemoglobin were significantly enhanced, and the best enhancements were with 10 mL supplementation level. These changes were more pronounced in Ross chickens, breed specifically. The promising results in serum biochemistry took in renal function markers, lowered total cholesterol levels, and possible immunomodulatory consequences. Dietary supplementation with Lactobacillus positively altered the blood characteristic within the normal physiological range. Significantly different mineral profiles, enzymatic activities, and protein metabolisms between breeds and levels of dietary supplementation were recorded. The results suggest that probiotic supplementation can optimize broilers' health, and the daily dosage of 10 ml seems to impart the most pronounced benefits.
Keywords— Lactobacillus, broiler chickens, probiotic supplementation, haematology, serum biochemistry.

Abstract- A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2021 at the Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Vallanadu, Tamil Nadu, India to assess the efficacy of commonly used insecticides against sucking pests on okra plants treated with Bacillus subtilis Bbv57, a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR). The experiment was designed in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Okra seeds were treated with a talc-based formulation of B. subtilis Bbv57, and the PGPR was also applied to the soil before sowing. Insecticides, including imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid, were sprayed on both PGPR-treated and untreated plots. Pest populations, including aphids and leafhoppers, were monitored at 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after treatment. The results indicated that insecticide treatments on PGPR-treated plants significantly reduced pest populations compared to untreated plants. Acetamiprid 20 SP at 100 g ha-1 was the most effective, reducing aphid and leafhopper populations to the lowest levels on PGPR-treated plants. Furthermore, PGPR treatment enhanced pest resistance, likely through induced biochemical changes. The highest yield (18.55 tonnes ha-1) and benefit-cost ratio (1:2.53) were observed in PGPR-treated plants treated with acetamiprid. This study demonstrates that combining PGPR with insecticide treatments provides an effective, sustainable solution for managing sucking pests in okra, offering both improved pest control and higher economic returns.
Keywords— Bacillus subtilis, Okra, PGPR, Sucking pests, Yield.

Abstract- This study investigates the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) on chili seed germination, seedling development, and growth parameters. Utilizing a randomized complete block design, six treatments of MLE concentrations (1%-5%) and a control (distilled water) were applied to chili seeds. Results revealed that MLE significantly enhances germination, with the 2% concentration yielding the highest germination rate (99%) and germination index (12.353). Moreover, the 2% MLE treatment demonstrated superior seedling vigor index (1513.3), leaf count (7.78 leaves/plant), branch count (9.6 branches/plant), and overall plant height (15.134 cm), outperforming all other treatments. Root length (6.5 cm) and biomass results further confirmed the effectiveness of 2% MLE in promoting root growth and development. Additionally, chlorophyll content peaked at a SPAD value of 64.868 in the 2% MLE treatment, signifying enhanced photosynthetic capacity. This study concludes that the application of 2% MLE is the most effective for improving germination, seedling growth, and overall chili plant development.
Keywords— Priming, Moringa leaf extract (MLE), Chilies.

Abstract- To achieve crop productivity, pesticides are extensively used all over the world to minimize the damage caused by pests, and in turn pose serious challenges to farm animals, including rabbits which depend on crop residues and grasses. In this study, physiological effects of Musa paradisiaca juice (PSJ) on the haematological indices. To achieve crop productivity, pesticides are extensively used all over the world to minimize the damage caused by pests, and in turn pose serious challenges to farm animals, including rabbits which depend on crop residues and grasses. In this study, physiological effects of Musa paradisiaca juice (PSJ) on the haematological indices of organophosphate based pesticide (OPBP) exposed rabbits were assessed using thirty-six male rabbits. The study was conducted in a 3 x 4 factorial design assessing three concentration levels of organophosphates-based pesticide (0ml, 1.5ml and 3ml) and four levels of Musa paradisiaca juice (0ml, 5ml, 10ml and 15ml). At the end of twelve weeks trial, standard methods were used to determine the haematological indices which include white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets and WBC differential count. This study revealed that OPBP exerted well-defined effect on all the parameters studied; PSJ had moderate effect in some of the indices examined though all the values are within normal range, and PSJ was able to mitigate the effect of OPBP. It is therefore recommended that at least 5ml of PSJ should be given to rabbits in order to ward-off reproductive dysfunction in male rabbits which might arise as a result of OPBP residue in their feed.
Keywords— Haematology, Musa paradisiaca stem juice, organophosphates-based pesticide.

Abstract- Nanotechnology has made a real revolution in the agriculture. The use of nano fertilizers has led to the increased productivity, reduced production costs in the last decade and also led to the increased production stability due to reduction of biotic and abiotic stresses. Nano fertilizer, the most important field of agriculture has drawn the attention of the soil scientists as well as the environmentalists due to its capability to increase yield, improve soil fertility, induce drought tolerance, reduce pollution and make a favourable environment for microorganisms. So considering these aspects a field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2021-22 to evaluate the “Effect of nano urea on increasing nitrogen use efficiency and productivity of wheat under restricted irrigation condition”. The trial comprised of different nine treatments with three replications in Randomized Block Design. The result revealed that effect of different nano urea treatment affected significantly on yield and yield attributes of wheat. Significantly higher grain yield (44.40 q/ha), biomass yield (107.29 q/ha) effective tillers per metre square (387) and grains per spike (38) were recorded by application of Recommended N + two spray of nano urea at tillering (40-45 DAS) and jointing (60-65 DAS) (T3), however other yield attributing characters like plant height (78.80 cm) and length of spike (7.25 cm) were recorded significantly by application of Rec. N + one spray of urea (5%) + nano urea at tillering (40-45 DAS) (T8) while, there was no significant effect of any treatments on 1000 grain weight.
Keywords— Wheat, Nano urea, 1000 grain weight, tillers, nitrogen use efficiency, food security.

Abstract- Farmers still rely on chemical fertilizers for cultivating butternut squash in Pamekasan Regency. Agricultural extension programs have been conducted to educate farmers about the benefits of organic fertilizers for butternut squash plants. The objective of this study is to determine farmers' responses to the use of organic fertilizers in butternut squash cultivation. The research method employed is qualitative descriptive analysis. The results indicate that the adoption rate of organic fertilizers in butternut squash cultivation in Pamekasan Regency is low. Only 13% of butternut squash farmers use organic fertilizers as a supplement to chemical fertilizers, while 87% still rely entirely on chemical fertilizers. This low adoption rate is influenced by farmers' perceptions that organic fertilizers may reduce income, a lack of knowledge about organic fertilizer management, and dependence on chemical fertilizers, which are considered more practical. The factor influencing farmers' response to the use of organic fertilizers on butternut squash is farming experience.
Keywords— Butternut Squash; Organic Fertilizers; Farmers’ Responses.

Abstract- India's agrarian economy contributes 21% to the country's GDP and provides employment to 60% of the population. Rainfed agriculture constitutes 67% of the net sown area, contributing 44% of food grains and supporting 40% of the population. To meet the increasing demand for food grains, it is crucial to enhance the productivity of rainfed areas from the current 1 t/ha to 2 t/ha over the next two decades. However, the quality of natural resources in these regions is deteriorating due to overexploitation, and rainfed areas face biophysical and socio-economic constraints affecting crop and livestock productivity.
This paper critically examines economically viable technologies for rainfed agriculture, including soil and rainwater conservation, efficient crops and cropping systems tailored to the growing season, and suitable implements for timely sowing and labor-saving. Sustainable practices such as integrated nutrient and pest management (INM and IPM) are emphasized. Additionally, the paper highlights interventions in dryland technologies to utilize marginal lands through alternative land-use systems like silvopasture, rainfed horticulture, and tree farming, demonstrated on a watershed basis. The integration of livestock with arable farming systems and the incorporation of indigenous knowledge are also discussed. Finally, the paper advocates for the formation of self-help groups, innovative extension tools such as portable rainfall simulators, and focus group discussions to facilitate the adoption of rainfed technologies by farmers. A farming systems approach in rainfed agriculture not only addresses income and employment challenges but also ensures food security.
Keywords— Rainfed agriculture technologies, sustainable, indigenous knowledge.

Abstract- Jasder Dham is a unique site in Barmer, Rajasthan. Despite being located in an arid region, the presence of a pond supports a significant diversity of aquatic birds. This research study aims to investigate the avian diversity within Jasder Dham, driven by the need to understand the ecological significance of this unique habitat and its role in supporting avian populations.
Avian diversity studies in the arid zones of Rajasthan have been relatively limited. This research seeks to fill this gap by providing valuable insights into the bird species of various families inhabiting Jasder Dham.
The findings of this study will contribute to our understanding of the avian community structure in arid ecosystems, particularly in the context of Barmer, Rajasthan. Furthermore, the results may have implications for conservation efforts, as the identification of key bird species and their ecological requirements can guide conservation strategies aimed at preserving biodiversity in this unique habitat. Overall, this research serves as a valuable addition to the knowledge base on avian diversity in arid regions, emphasizing the importance of holistic conservation approaches for sustaining ecological balance.
Keywords— Jasder Dham, Avian, Diversity, Barmer, Birds, Desert.

Abstract- Orchids (Orchidaceae) are a diverse plant family known for their unique nutritional adaptations, allowing them to thrive in a variety of ecosystems. This five-year study explores the intricate nutrient acquisition strategies of orchids in the Western Ghats, particularly in the Wayanad region, a biodiversity hotspot with a rich diversity of epiphytic and terrestrial orchid species. The research investigates five primary nutritional pathways: mycorrhizal symbiosis, atmospheric nutrient absorption, rainwater uptake, organic matter decomposition, and specialized root structures. A critical aspect of orchid survival is their reliance on mycorrhizal fungi, particularly during early developmental stages, where fungal partners provide essential nutrients in the absence of endosperm. Additionally, epiphytic orchids demonstrate the ability to absorb nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, supplementing their nutrient intake. Rainwater serves as a primary source of hydration and dissolved minerals, particularly in the high-humidity environments of the Western Ghats. Orchids growing in terrestrial conditions benefit from organic matter decomposition, utilizing nutrients released from decaying leaves and animal residues. Specialized root structures, such as velamen-covered aerial roots, enhance water and nutrient absorption efficiency.
This study, conducted by an experienced plant conservation fellow, combines field observations, laboratory analyses, and greenhouse experiments to provide practical conservation insights. Findings highlight the importance of preserving natural orchid habitats, maintaining fungal diversity, and understanding climate-related challenges to orchid survival. These insights contribute to orchid conservation efforts, sustainable propagation techniques, and ecological research on plant-fungi interactions in tropical environments.
Keywords— Orchid nutrition, mycorrhizal fungi, epiphytic adaptation, rainwater uptake, airborne nutrients, root adaptations, organic matter decomposition, Western Ghats, Wayanad biodiversity, plant conservation.

Abstract- Dendrobium aqueum is a tropical orchid species collected from the Wild Planet Bana Heights Resort in Wayanad, Kerala, India, where it naturally grows at approximately 500 to 1,500 meters above sea level. Known for its slender, cylindrical stems and lanceolate leaves, this species is identifiable by its small, white to pale yellow flowers, often adorned with purple spots on the lip. As a member of the Orchidaceae family, this species is a valuable representative of the unique biodiversity of tropical Asia, with its distribution spanning regions from India to Southeast Asia.
The species thrives in warm, humid environments with bright, indirect light, often inhabiting tropical forests. Unfortunately, Dendrobium aqueum faces significant threats from habitat loss and over-collection for the ornamental plant trade, resulting in its classification as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List. The conservation of this species, therefore, is critical, necessitating habitat protection and potentially sustainable cultivation practices.
Notably, Dendrobium aqueum exhibits promising medicinal properties due to its unique phytochemical profile, including alkaloids such as dendrobine and dendramine, as well as glycosides like dendroside and aqueoside. Studies suggest these compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, highlighting potential applications in pharmaceutical research.
Research opportunities for D. aqueum span several fields: phytochemical analysis to explore its medicinal value, conservation efforts to protect its native habitats, and ecological studies to understand pollinator interactions. Further investigations into plant breeding and hybridization may also provide insight into the potential for cultivation under controlled conditions. This comprehensive profile aims to emphasize the conservation importance of D. aqueum and encourage future research focused on preserving this ecologically and pharmacologically valuable orchid species.
Keywords— Dendrobium aqueum, Western Ghats, Orchid conservation, Phytochemicals, Tropical ecosystems, Medicinal orchids, Endangered species, Habitat restoration, Pollination ecology, Anti-inflammatory properties.