Agriculture Journal: Volume-8, Issue-10, October, 2022

Abstract- Growing populations, food demand and climate change necessitates the improvement of agriculture in sustainable ways. Microbials provide for an efficient green solution, and a potential replacement for the overuse of chemical pesticides. They have long been researched for their various beneficial effects in crop protection such as improving plant growth, stress tolerance and abetting plant pathogens. Despite their several advantages, the large-scale implementation of microbials is still at its primitive stage. This review attempts to identify the challenges that are barring the improvement of the microbials industry. Both the research and industry sections are explored, to recognize key issues, chokeholds and identify areas of improvement. This review provides a current and updated perspective into the use of microbials in agriculture.

Abstract- The present investigation was carried out to Studies on seasonal incidence and management of early shoot borer and top shoot borers using new insecticides in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), at Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, UP, India to assess the chemical control of sugarcane pest Chilo infuscatellus (Snellen) and Scirpophaga excerptalis (walker) with seven insecticide viz. Novaluron 10 EC @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Fipronil 5 SC @ 150 g a.i. ha-1, Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 25 g a.i. ha-1, Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 40 g a.i. ha-1, Acetamiprid 20 SC@ 10 g a.i. ha-1, Spinosad 45 SC @ 100 g a.i. ha-1 and Emamactin benzoate 5 SG @ 10 g a.i. ha-1 and compared with untreated control using randomized block design with three replications and observations of dead heart per 10 hills recorded 1 day before spray and 7th, 15th, 30th days after spray. It was observed that infestation both early shoot borer and top shoot borer started from 23rd standard week with 2.45 and 1.23% dead heart per 10 hills respectively with the corresponding maximum, minimum and rainfall was 36.120C, 27.520C and 0.00 mm while the morning and evening RH 71% - 52%. The studies on efficacy of newer insecticide molecules on early shoot borer revealed that the Rynaxypyr 20 SC recorded lowest post treatment mean of (13.85% - 7.13%) over the other insecticidal treatments. On top shoot borer Rynaxypyr 20 SC showed lowest damage of (5.77% - 5.50%) over the other insecticidal treatments. yield of plot treated with Rynaxypyr 20 SC was higher (61.68 t/ha) than that of any other treatments.

Abstract- An investigation was carried out in green gram CO8. The objective of the experiment was standardization of NaCl to study the effects of salinity during seed germination of green gram and to study the response of green gram treated with plant growth regulators to salinity. In laboratory study, the standardization of NaCl was done first by using 75mM, 100mM, 150mM and 200mM NaCl. Among the four concentrations, 50% germination was observed in 150mM NaCl and it was standardized for further experiment. The plant growth regulators used were T3: NAA 100ppm, T4: NAA 200ppm, T5: kinetin 50ppm, T6: kinetin 100ppm, T7: GAᴣ 100ppm, T8: GAᴣ 200ppm along with T1: Absolute control and T2: Control (150mM NaCl). The experimental results showed a decrease in seedling growth due to salinity but with the seed treatment with the above mentioned PGRs showed an increased stress tolerance index, chlorophyll content and relative water content. The seeds treated with GAᴣ 200ppm recorded the maximum stress tolerance index (STI) (83.09) as well as higher relative water content (88.44%). While the seeds treated with kinetin 100ppm recorded the maximum chlorophyll content (1.22 gm/g). The whole study revealed that, in laboratory condition, with the imposition of salinity stress by 150mM NaCl, the seed treatment with GAᴣ 200ppm responded better compared to other treatments.

Abstract- Ethylene is an invisible, colorless and odorless gas, which has no known dangerous effect in humans, on concentrations found within the storage chain and sale of fruits and vegetables. The ethylene molecule is relatively small and simple: it consists of two carbon atoms associated with four hydrogen atoms. The molecular weight of ethylene is 28.05 gmol-1 and fruits and vegetables produce different amounts of ethylene as they mature. Usually, ethylene cannot be detected by humans, although sometimes only people with well-developed olfactory ability can smell large amounts, but to this fact other volatile organic compounds of fruits and vegetables also contribute. Since its specific weight (1,178 kgm-3 to 15oC) is similar to that of air (1,225 kgm-3 to 15oC), ethylene freely diffuses to any other adjacent fruit or vegetables and to the spaces in which they are stored.
In addition to CO2 and O2, ethylene is the most important gas to be monitored and controlled in the fruit and vegetable supply chain. Less than one part per million (1 ppm) in volume of ethylene gas, is enough to trigger the maturation process of the climatic fruit (which can continue to mature, once collected). Ethylene is considered a plant hormone that controls a wide range of physiological processes. During storage, after harvesting fruits and vegetables, ethylene may induce effects including senescence, over-maturation, accelerated quality loss, increased susceptibility to fruit pathogens and affecting different physiological processes. In addition to the endogenous production of ethylene by plant tissues, there are also external sources such as contaminants and the own metabolism of plants and fungi.

Abstract- Transfection is a translocation of DNA or RNA pieces, which could occur naturally or from human effort through laboratory/pharma results, that is so advanced now. Still the same incidence and prevalence in natural-huge laboratory/ incubator tropical rainforest is neglected as the pathogenesis mechanism on the laden from nano-infection. Nano-vector could deliver 3 different payloads incl. plasmid, mRNA, and RNP for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. They were knowing the benefit and disadvantages of transfection in association with the high prevalence of transfection diseases such as gen silencing/ failure in gene expression/ gene blocking/ gene mutation and gene polymorphism. This review article manually using a search engine. First, confirm the difference between the host and vector. Then digging non-vector transfection, nano-carriers, and nanoparticles, in drugs delivery using ‘binahong’ (Anredera cordifolia) leaves which are already used in pharmacies and imaging diagnostics. Lipid nanoparticle, the first siRNA drug deliver. Ferrite Nickel (NiFe2O4) synthesis, and CoFe2O4 nanoparticle synthesis using ‘binahong, kelor, salam’, etc. leaves extraction, also are nowadays nano-carriers. Meanwhile, the main class of vector viruses which had been tested for clinical application, incl. retroviruses (RV), adenoviruses (AV), adeno-associated viruses (AAV), lentivirus (LV), and herpes simplex viruses (HSV). Vector viruses, plasmid, mRNA, RNAi, and Lipid, polymer, or inorganic composition, which are used for drugs, could occur in nature. This study concluded that RNAi for nowadays drugs and Next Generation (NG) Pharma, occurrences, exist in the laboratory, at home, and in the garden, and naturally.

Abstract- The study investigated morphological variations among samples of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii captured from Taylor Creek, Calabar Estuary and New Calabar River in the Niger Delta Region. A total of 76 individuals were caught using cone-shaped bamboo basket traps. The prawns were identified and 18 morphological characters were measured on each individual. All the data generated were analyzed using the PAST3 and JASP statistical software. The results of the study indicated that the morphometric measurements among the populations of M. vollenhovenii total length, rostrum length, third segment length, fifth segment length and abdominal length were significant different (p < .05) while telson length, telson width, caudal length, merus length and palm length were not different (p > 0.05). The coefficient of regression in the length-weight relationship were positively allometric (p < 0.05) for all populations with values of 3.5402, 4.6686 and 4.420. The condition factor varied from 0.668 to 2.729 averaging 1.498, 1.628 and 1.630 for New Calabar River, Calabar Estuary and Taylor Creek, respectively.

Abstract- The hybrids of Clarias gariepinus with Heterobranchus species are economically very important. The reciprocal interspecific progenies of Clarias gariepinus♀ x Heterobranchus bidorsalis♂ (Cgf x Hbm) and H. bidorsalis♀ x C. gariepinus♂ (Hbf x Cgm) were produced in the Fish Farm Demonstration Unit of the University of Port Harcourt. At Two weeks, mean weights were 7.0mg±0.0008 and 6.5mg±0.0006 for CGm x HBf and HBm x CGf, respectively with the corresponding total lengths of 1.01cm ±0.011 and 0.97cm±0.008. At the end of the experiment, mean weight of 10.77±1.65/11.04±1.79 and total length of 11.08±0.38/ 10.96±0.54 were observed for Cgm x Hbf/Hbm x Cgf, respectively. The total length was significantly different (P< 0.05) at the commencement of the experiment, which leveled off by the third week. All the parameters including the Head length, Head width, Dorsal fin length and adipose fin length did not differ significantly (p>0.05) for the reciprocal progenies. The condition factor was 1.27 for Cgm x Hbf and 1.28 for Cgf x Hbm.

Abstract- Flours are among the essential raw materials used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical and other industries for the production of different products. Scarcity and undesirable qualities of flours now lead to search for plant materials of improved qualities from which flours of high value can be isolated. Improved variety of sorghum and cassava from the Anambra State Agricultural Development Program (ADP) were employed in this research. The proximate and physicochemical analyses were done using standard methods. Results showed that the sorghum and cassava yielded 44.8% and 68.7% quantities of pale white and white colour respectively with neutral pH. Sorghum flours had 4.35±0.11%, 2.6±0.23%, 0.26±0.03%, 3.28±0.06%, 2.16±0.10% and 25.02±1.02% respectively for moisture, ash content, fat content, crude protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate content. Cassava flour gave 5.24±0.58% (moisture), 3.35±1.02% (ash), 0.18±0.45% (fat), 1.02±0.33% (crude protein), 3.14±2.02% (crude fibre) and 28.06±0.54% (carbohydrate). Sorghum flour isolated also had 240.6±1.3%, 123.1±0.8%, 800.5±2.0%, 3.5±3.1%, 22.5±0.5%, 67.0±0.7 and 0.78±0.2% for water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling power, solubility index, amylose content, amylopectin content and bulk density respectively while cassava flour showed 260.4±2.0% (water absorption capacity), 128.0±1.1% (oil absorption capacity), 744.3±2.2% (swelling power), 4.3±2.0% (solubility index), 32.0±1.2% (amylose), 78.0±0.2% (amylopectin) and 0.89±0.1% (bulk density). The two isolated flours showed good pasting properties with peak viscosity and final viscosity of 2215±2RVU and 1126±2 RVU for sorghum flour and 3204±5 RVU and 1422±3 RVU for cassava flour. It is therefore deduced that flours isolated from the improved sorghum and cassava varieties will be suitable and cheap source of raw material for food, pharmaceutical and other industries due to their high qualities.