Volume-12, Issue-2, February 2026

Abstract

Seed priming is a pre-sowing technique involving controlled hydration and dehydration to activate pregerminative metabolism without radicle emergence. This review synthesizes the principles, methods, and multifaceted benefits of seed priming as a pivotal strategy for enhancing crop establishment and stress resilience. Priming improves germination uniformity, vigour, and yield across major cereals, pulses, and oilseeds by triggering complex physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses, including antioxidant system activation, DNA repair, and stress-responsive gene expression. Conventional methods such as hydropriming, osmo-priming, and biopriming, alongside advanced techniques like nanopriming and physical priming, are detailed. The paper highlights crop-specific applications, underscores the technology's role in mitigating abiotic stresses in fragile ecosystems, and discusses its limitations and future challenges. As a cost-effective and accessible intervention, seed priming is a vital tool for sustainable agricultural intensification and climate adaptation.

Keywords: Seed priming, pre-germinative metabolism, abiotic stress, biopriming, nano-priming, crop resilience.

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Abstract

A half-diallel cross among six maize inbred lines was carried out in 2023 at the Maize Research Department, General Authority for Scientific Agricultural Research. In 2024, fifteen hybrids, the control variety Ghouta 82, and the parental lines were evaluated to estimate general and specific combining ability and heterosis for ear height, ear length, ear diameter, and number of rows per ear. Significant differences were observed among lines and hybrids for all traits. The hybrid (P6 × P4) exceeded Ghouta 82 in ear height, while all hybrids surpassed it in ear length, ear diameter, and number of rows per ear. Except for (P5 × P2), all hybrids showed positive heterosis, and nine exhibited significant heterosis compared to the best parent in row number. Ear height was mainly controlled by additive gene effects, while both additive and nonadditive effects influenced the remaining traits, with additive effects predominating.

Keywords: Maize, Half-diallel crosses, General combining ability, Specific combining ability, Heterosis.

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Abstract

This study examined gender differences in access to agricultural extension services among smallholder farmers in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 300 respondents—170 males and 130 females. The socio-economic analysis revealed that male farmers possessed greater resource endowment and institutional linkages than females. The mean age of male farmers was 45.8 years compared to 43.2 years for females, with average farming experience of 14.6 and 11.8 years, respectively. Male farmers cultivated larger farms (2.7 ha) and showed higher educational attainment (60%) and cooperative membership (60%) than females (1.9 ha; 50.7% and 44.6%). Gender disparities in extension access were evident, as males recorded higher mean scores for visitation and training (MS = 4.06– 4.17) compared to females (MS = 2.24 for both). Regression results (R² = 0.612; Adjusted R² = 0.586; F = 23.47, p < 0.001) showed education, farm size, cooperative membership, and credit access as significant determinants, while household size was not significant. Male farmers achieved higher productivity (MS = 4.21) and income (MS = 4.27) than females (MS = 3.61; 3.31). Exploratory factor analysis identified five constraint dimensions explaining 68.34% of variance—socio-cultural barriers (19.27%), institutional capacity (16.21%), economic constraints (12.40%), information accessibility (10.56%), and time-distance constraints (9.90%). High KMO (0.847) and Bartlett's χ² (3,528.94, p < 0.001) confirmed model adequacy. The findings underscore persistent gender inequities rooted in socio-cultural, institutional, and economic barriers limiting women's participation in extension programs.

Keywords: Gender disparities, Agricultural extension, Smallholder farmers, Nigeria.

References

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Abstract

Hibiscus is an important plant cultivated in large numbers in Indian systems of medicine and perfumery. Haritalodes derogata is a common pest of Hibiscus species, feeding on their leaves in large numbers and causing considerable loss in harvest. In the present study, last instar larvae of H. derogata were fed with leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum tenuiflorum. Mortality, pupation success, and adult emergence were monitored over 14 days. A. indica extract caused significantly higher and faster mortality compared to O. tenuiflorum, resulting in 100% mortality by Day 5. It also induced larval body shrinkage, production of orange-coloured fluid fecal matter, and complete inhibition of pupation. In contrast, O. tenuiflorum caused only 12.5% mortality by Day 5, with most larvae proceeding to pupation and adult emergence, though adults died subsequently. The findings demonstrate the superior efficacy of A. indica extract as a potent botanical insecticide for managing H. derogata infestations.

Keywords: Hibiscus, Pupation, Mortality, Larvae, shrinkage, botanical extracts, IPM.

References

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season (2024-25) at the experimental field of the All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA), Biswanath College of Agriculture, Assam, to evaluate suitable weed management and intercropping systems for baby corn (Zea mays L.) under rainfed upland conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design with six treatments comprising three intercropping systems (I₁: Sole baby corn; I₂: Baby corn + black gram; I₃: Baby corn + green gram) and two weed management methods (W₁: Mechanical weeding; W₂: Integrated weed management—mechanical + chemical), replicated four times. Results indicated that sole baby corn (I₁) recorded the highest baby corn yield (39.08 q ha⁻¹) and green fodder yield (169.76 q ha⁻¹). However, the baby corn + green gram intercropping system (I₃) achieved the highest system equivalent yield (40.95 q ha⁻¹), gross return (₹4,09,497.50 ha⁻¹), net return (₹3,20,609.10 ha⁻¹), and benefit-cost ratio (4.60). Among weed management practices, integrated weed management (W₂) resulted in significantly higher baby corn yield (37.01 q ha⁻¹) and green fodder yield (168.90 q ha⁻¹), along with superior net returns (₹3,17,414.80 ha⁻¹) and B:C ratio (4.95). It is concluded that baby corn intercropped with green gram under integrated weed management is the most productive and economically viable system for rainfed uplands of the North Bank Plain Zone of Assam.

Keywords: Weed management, Rainfed crop, Sustainable agriculture, Intercropping system, Integrated weed management.

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Abstract

The present study evaluated the impact of green fodder–based ration balancing on milk productivity, fertility, and economics of dairy buffaloes under on-farm conditions. On-farm trials were conducted during 2018–19 to 2020–21 in the rabi season, involving five trials per year with 15 buffaloes per treatment, comparing balanced ration feeding (T2) with farmers' practice (T1). Results revealed that buffaloes under T2 recorded consistently higher average daily milk yield (6.85 ± 0.31 to 7.21 ± 0.34 L/day) with an increase of 7.0–8.91% over T1. Fertility performance improved markedly under T2, with conception rate increasing from 13.3 to 20.0% compared to 6.67–13.3% under T1. Economic analysis showed higher net returns (₹16.35 ± 0.71 to 18.28 ± 0.80 per litre of milk) and improved benefit–cost ratio (1.69–1.71) under balanced ration feeding as against 1.57–1.59 in farmers' practice. The study demonstrated that ration balancing using green fodder enhances feed utilization efficiency, improves reproductive performance, and increases profitability. Adoption of fodder-based balanced feeding can therefore serve as a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for improving dairy buffalo productivity under field conditions.

Keywords: Balanced ration, Economics, Fertility, Green fodder, Milk production, On-farm trial.

References

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Abstract

A pot experiment (CRBD with three replications) was carried out to investigate the effects of Bay leaf, Potato peel, and Banana peel extracts on the physiological performance of some upland (Ahu) rice crop (varieties: Inglongkiri, Dehangi (Fe tolerant), Lachit (Fe susceptible), and Luit) under higher iron in acid soil conditions during the Autumn season (March-September, 2024). The five treatments were: (1) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage (control), (2) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage plus root dip treatment before transplanting and foliar spray with bay leaf extract at 20 days after transplanting, (3) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage plus root dip treatment before transplanting and foliar spray with banana peel extract at 20 days after transplanting, (4) 100 ppm FeSO₄ as a basal at the vegetative stage, plus root dip treatment before transplanting and foliar spray with potato peel extract at 20 days after transplanting; (5) Natural soil without root dip treatment and without spray with bay leaf, banana peel, and potato peel extracts at 20 days after transplanting (Absolute control). In general, as compared to the control (100 ppm FeSO₄), there were significant increases in the morpho-physiological and yield-attributing parameters under other treatments. Among the treatments, 100 ppm FeSO₄ as basal at vegetative stage plus aqueous bay leaf (10 g in 100 ml) was found to be the most useful against the damaging effects of higher iron pertaining to the physiological parameters. In the study, Dehangi emerged as the prominent variety in terms of the various physiological parameters viz., SLW at maximum tillering (6.753 mg cm⁻²) and heading stage (8.673 mg cm⁻²), shoot biomass (35.513 g plant⁻¹) at harvest, numbers of tillers (12.707) and number of leaves (24.040 per plant) at maximum tillering stage, effective tillers (11.487 per plant), root biomass (20.413 g plant⁻¹) at harvest, panicle length (28.607 cm), panicle weight (8.960 g plant⁻¹), number of panicle (9.300/plant), seeds per panicle (85.313), test weight (26.893 g), HD grains (75.460%), sterility (22.460%), economic yield (16.593 g plant⁻¹), biological yield (45.007 g plant⁻¹), GHI (48.547) and plant height (3.81-8.25%) at harvest.

Keywords: Banana peel, Bay leaf, HD grains, Iron, Potato peel, Rice.

References

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Abstract

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are among the most important pollinators, playing a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and agricultural productivity. However, their colonies face numerous biotic threats that significantly impact their health, survival, and productivity. The major enemies of honey bees include parasitic mites such as Varroa destructor, which weaken colonies by feeding on bee hemolymph and transmitting viruses, and the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) which disrupts respiration. Pathogens like Nosema species (microsporidians) and various viral infections further compromise colony strength, leading to reduced longevity and productivity. Additionally, predators such as wax moths (Galleria mellonella and Achroia grisella) and small hive beetles (Aethina tumida) cause considerable structural damage to combs, stored honey, and brood. Minor enemies, though less destructive individually, also exert significant cumulative stress. These include ants, wasps, and spiders that invade hives for food resources, as well as birds such as bee-eaters that prey directly on foragers. Fungal diseases like chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) and stonebrood (Aspergillus spp.) are typically opportunistic, affecting weakened colonies under stress. Environmental stressors, pesticide exposure, and poor management practices often amplify the impact of these biotic threats. This review comprehensively synthesizes the available literature on the distribution, biology, seasonal incidence, symptoms, and management of major and minor enemies of Apis mellifera, with special reference to the Indian context. Understanding these threats is critical for devising integrated pest management strategies. Effective monitoring, hygienic management practices, and sustainable control measures are essential to safeguard Apis mellifera, ensuring their ecological services and economic value in agriculture.

Keywords: Apis mellifera, Honey bee enemies, Varroa mite, Wax moth, Wasp, Hive beetle, Vertebrate predators, Integrated pest management.

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Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative force across multiple sectors of the agriculture industry, enhancing both quality and quantity of agricultural yield. Artificial intelligence, integrated with IoT, encompasses soil preparation, cultivation, harvesting, and research-related activities, leading to sustainable productivity improvements. Agriculture automation has enhanced precision in farming operations including irrigation control, pesticide/weedicide/fertilizer management, crop growth monitoring, and environmental control in greenhouse and hydroponics systems. This chapter reviews IoT applications in crop farming, animal farming, farm monitoring and tracking, disease detection in plants and livestock, classification processes of agricultural foods, quality assessment of vegetables and fruits, and rearing activities. Climate-smart agriculture is examined and compared with traditional forms (Agriculture 1.0) regarding efficiency and waste reduction. The chapter discusses benefits, limitations, future directions, and potential development of intelligent farming technologies and IoT (AI-enhanced tools) to make farming more accessible, convenient, and precise, with reference to different countries and their agricultural advancements. Finally, the chapter acknowledges technological limitations and other factors affecting the growth of healthy farming systems. This chapter contributes to understanding AI-enabled IoT in transforming contemporary agriculture through data-driven insights and automation capabilities.

Keywords: Climate-smart farming, Artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, Automation, Sustainability, Food security, Carbon sequestration, Satellite imagery, Sensors.

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Abstract

In the present study, three medicinally significant plant species, viz., Artemisia absinthium, Matricaria chamomilla, and Thymus vulgaris, were selected for qualitative screening of phytochemicals, and crude extracts of the plants were used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The aerial parts of the species were sequentially extracted with ethyl acetate and reconstituted with 70% ethanol; qualitative analysis was planned for detection of the presence of major phytochemicals. Disk diffusion method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of all the three extracts at different concentrations. Phytochemical screening results indicated the presence of different secondary metabolites, viz., alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, glycosides, and terpenoids. Disk diffusion assay results indicated that Thymus vulgaris showed high-level antibacterial activity even at low concentrations, with increasing inhibition zones of 8.95 mm at 0.1 mg/ml to 22.65 mm at 100 mg/ml; Matricaria chamomilla showed the highest inhibition zone of 35.80 mm at 100 mg/ml, showing high efficacy at high concentration, while Artemisia absinthium showed moderate activity, with inhibition zones of 0.90 mm at 0.1 mg/ml to 8.90 mm at 100 mg/ml. The results indicate that all three plant extracts contain potential secondary metabolites that could be used as preventive agents in the diet of fish to inhibit bacterial infection.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, phytochemical screening, Staphylococcus aureus, aquaculture.

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Abstract

Spodoptera mauritia is a sporadic pest of Oryza sativa L. which usually occurs on rice from July to September, feeding on the leaves in large numbers. Accessory Sex Glands (ASGs) play a crucial role in the reproductive success of insects. Pyriproxyfen (PPN), the Juvenile hormone agonist, is an environment friendly Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) well known to interfere with insect reproductive system. In the present study, PPN treatments in different ages of this insect produced variable results. All the newly ecdysed day 0 pupae of S. mauritia, topically applied with 1 µg/µl PPN didn't survive beyond day 4 whereas 0.1 µg/µl PPN treated pupae showed only 61% mortality but the survivors showed failure of emergence. In both sexes, ASGs showed retarded development when compared to control. In the male adultoids, total ASGs proteins reduced significantly and it was evident from their electrophorogram also. The day 0 adult males when topically applied with a single high dose of PPN showed no mortality and their total ASG proteins were significantly increased and this increase was reflected in their electrophorogram.

Keywords: Spodoptera mauritia, Pyriproxyfen, Accessory sex glands, Adultoids, Reproductive success, Pupae mortality.

References

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Abstract

Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an essential oilseed crop among brassicas, primarily cultivated during the Rabi season in tropical regions worldwide. Like other crops of Brassicaceae family, mustard is attacked by various insect pests. Among these pests, mustard aphid, mustard sawfly, painted bug, diamondback moth, green peach aphid, cabbage butterfly, and leaf webber are major pests of mustard plant that affect the economic value of mustard and related crops by causing severe yield losses and decreasing market value. These pests majorly affect multiple parts of plant including leaves, flowers, flower buds, stems, pods, and twigs. Major physiological effects include curling of leaves, reduced photosynthetic efficacy due to secretions of sticky honeydew that facilitates sooty mold development, and failure of young pods to mature properly. Mustard is susceptible to attack by the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.), a significant sucking pest affecting mustard and other Brassicaceae crops. Both nymphs and adults of this pest suck the cell-sap from plant parts, leading to stunted plant growth, wilting flowers, and impaired pod development. Additionally, their feeding activity introduces toxic substances into the plants, causing chlorosis at feeding sites, yellowing of veins, and leaf curling. Yield losses up to 73.3% and oil content reductions up to 66.9% have been reported. Numerous cost-effective control methods, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and botanical approaches have been identified to manage mustard pests effectively within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework. IPM aids in minimizing ecological damage and reliance on chemical pesticides by utilizing natural enemies, entomopathogenic organisms, and botanical insecticides. This review synthesizes information on major insect pests of mustard and their eco-friendly management strategies.

Keywords: Mustard, Aphids, Eco-friendly management, Lipaphis erysimi, Insect pest management, IPM

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Abstract

The present study examines the effect of nutritional supplementation of Quercus serrata leaves with various bioactive additives: amla (Emblica officinalis), neem (Azadirachta indica), spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and sericin on the life cycle performance and economic characteristics of oak tasar silkworm (Antheraea proylei). This experiment was conducted during the spring season (August-December) in 2025 at the Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Chauntra, District Mandi (H.P.). The goal was to assess how these additives affect larval growth, cocoon quality and silk yield parameters. Quercus serrata leaves were uniformly treated with aqueous extracts of selected supplements and fed to 5th instar larvae under controlled growth conditions. Main biological parameters - larval length, survival percentage, effective rearing rate (ERR%), cocoon weight, shell weight, pupal weight and shell ratio were recorded and compared to an untreated control. 

The results revealed that supplementation significantly affected larval growth and silk productivity. Among treatments, spirulina and amla showed the most pronounced positive effects, leading to reduced larval duration, higher survival and improved cocoon and shell weight. Neem and tulsi treatments showed moderate improvement, while sericin supplementation showed the most improvement in quality and luster of silk filament. The combined effect of nutritional fortification was reflected in superior economic traits and potential improvement in silk feed performance. 

Overall, the study shows that supplementation of Quercus serrata leaves can effectively improve the physiological performance and silk yield of Antheraea proylei, suggesting an ecological approach and profitable strategy for sustainable oak tasar culture.

Keywords: Antheraea proylei, Quercus serrata, food supplementation, spirulina, amla, neem, tulsi, sericin, silk productivity, economic characteristics.

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[12] Kumar, D., & Singh, R. (2019). Impact of nutritional enhancement on silk gland development of tasar silkworm. Journal of Insect Physiology and Ecology, 27(3), 90–98.
[13] Kumar, N., & Sinha, P. (2019). Oak tasar silkworm: Biology and economic significance. Indian Journal of Sericulture, 48(1), 12–20.
[14] Kumar, P., Sharma, V., & Tiwari, R. (2016). Nutritional determinants of cocoon and shell quality traits in silkworms. Applied Entomology Research, 44(4), 301–308.
[15] Kumar, R., Devi, S., & Chauhan, M. (2020). Role of tulsi extract in improving metabolic efficiency of Antheraea species. *PlantDerived Insect Nutrition Journal, 5*(2), 112–119.
[16] Mandal, D., & Nath, A. (2018). Biochemical significance of herbal supplementation in silkworm feed. *Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 21*(3), 987–995.
[17] Mehta, S., Verma, A., & Gupta, N. (2016). Antioxidant and antimicrobial profiling of Ocimum sanctum. Journal of Medicinal Plant Studies, 4(3), 45–49.
[18] Mehta, S., Gupta, D., & Rao, V. (2018). Eco-friendly nutritional strategies for enhancing larval performance in sericulture. Green Biotechnology Letters, 10(2), 122–129.
[19] Patel, K., & Verma, S. (2018). Role of Emblica officinalis in enhancing silk yield in mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms. Journal of Sericultural Science, 57(1), 55–63.
[20] Patel, R., Sharma, M., & Yadav, S. (2019). Economic characteristics of tasar cocoons under improved feeding conditions. Economic Entomology Review, 22(2), 87–95.
[21] Patnaik, A. K., & Jolly, M. S. (2017). Host plant quality and its direct influence on silkworm productivity. Sericulture Today, 41(1),10–16.
[22] Prasad, L., Gupta, A., & Rao, H. (2023). Influence of plant-based nutraceuticals on silkworm immunity. Journal of Applied Sericulture,59(1), 25–35.
[23] Rana, R., & Ahmed, M. (2022). Advances in nutritional fortification methods for tasar sericulture. Journal of Forest Insect Biology,11(1), 66–78.
[24] Rao, S., & Das, K. (2018). Digestive enzymatic changes in silkworm larvae under supplemented diets. Entomological Digest, 19(3),145–153.
[25] Rao, V., Singh, P., & Yadav, D. (2020). Antioxidant-rich feed additives for improved silkworm survival. Applied Life Sciences Research, 8(1), 32–40.
[26] Reddy, B., Kumar, S., & Pal, R. (2018). Historical development and economic contribution of Indian sericulture. Indian Journal of Agricultural History, 63(2), 115–124.
[27] Sarkar, A., & Devi, L. (2021). Role of neem extract in controlling microbial infection in silkworm culture. Journal of Natural Pesticide Research, 9(4), 201–209.
[28] Sharma, R., Nath, A., & Pandey, P. (2016). Amla extract as a nutraceutical supplement in silkworm diet. Journal of Herbal Biotechnology, 12(2), 44–51.
[29] Singh, A., Rao, V., & Das, K. (2020). Influence of oak species on growth performance of Antheraea proylei. Forest Entomology Letters, 15(3), 211–220.
[30] Singh, R., Tandon, M., & Gupta, A. (2021). Sericin-based value addition approaches in sustainable sericulture. *Sustainable Biomaterials Review, 5*(1), 77–89.
[31] Verma, P., & Singh, R. (2020). Nutritional optimization techniques for enhanced silk productivity. Sericulture Innovation Journal,18(2), 134–142.
[32] Verma, U., Das, M., & Gupta, N. (2020). Microbial and plant-based supplements for improved silkworm health. Applied Insect Biotechnology, 33(1), 51–60.
[33] Tiwari, P., Rana, V., & Thapa, N. (2019). Seasonal variations in nutrient content of Quercus serrata and its effect on tasar silkworm. Journal of Forest Ecology and Silk Science, 7(1), 65–72.

Abstract

Robiquetia rosea (Lindl.) Seidenf. is a rare epiphytic orchid species with scattered distribution across tropical Asia and limited confirmed records from India. Historical documentation suggests that the species had not been reported from the Western Ghats for several decades, with the last known occurrences dating to approximately 1972. The present study reports a recent field record from Kerala, India, representing the first confirmed occurrence from the region after nearly five decades. The plant was observed in the wild, conserved ex situ, and subsequently flowered under monitored conditions, allowing taxonomic confirmation. This record contributes to updated distribution knowledge and has been communicated to global botanical databases.

Keywords: Orchidaceae, Western Ghats, epiphyte, rediscovery, distribution update, conservation.

References

[1] Abraham, A., & Vatsala, P. (1981). Introduction to Orchids. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Trivandrum.
[2] Joseph, J. (1982). Orchids of Nilgiris. Records of the Botanical Survey of India, 22, 1-144.
[3] Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858.
[4] POWO (2025). Robiquetia rosea (Lindl.) Seidenf. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved.
[5] Sathish Kumar, C., & Manilal, K.S. (1994). A Catalogue of Indian Orchids. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
[6] Seidenfaden, G. (1988). Orchid Genera in Thailand XIV: Fifty-nine Vandoid Genera. Opera Botanica, 95, 1-398.

Abstract

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of betaine as a functional nutrient in choline-deficient broiler diets. A total of 275 day-old commercial Cobb 400 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to nine dietary treatments comprising a control (100% choline requirement), two choline-deficient diets (75% and 50% of requirement), and their respective betaine-supplemented groups at 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. Each treatment had six replicates of five birds each, maintained under uniform management for 42 days. Growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical parameters, immune responses, and cost economics were assessed. 

Choline deficiency significantly (p<0.05) reduced body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass yield. Betaine supplementation improved performance in a dose-dependent manner. Birds fed diets with 0.3% betaine achieved body weights and FCR comparable to the control group. Carcass yield and breast meat percentage were significantly higher, while abdominal fat percentage was reduced in betaine-supplemented birds. Serum protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations improved with betaine addition, whereas cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid decreased. Betaine enhanced antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and increased the relative weights of lymphoid organs. Economic analysis revealed higher net profit per bird in betaine-supplemented groups, with the highest benefit at 0.3% inclusion. 

It was concluded that betaine supplementation at 0.3% effectively spares up to 50% of the dietary choline requirement in broilers, improving growth, carcass yield, immunity, and profitability.

Keywords: Betaine, choline deficiency, broiler, growth performance, immunity, carcass traits, economics.

References

[1] Abd El-Ghany, W. A., Abbas, K. A. M., & Rashad, M. M. (2022). Betaine: A potential nutritional metabolite in the poultry sector. Animals, 12(9), Article xxxx. https://doi.org/10.3390/animalsXXXX
[2] Arumugam, M. K., Suresh, S., & Zhang, L. (2021). Beneficial effects of betaine: A comprehensive review. Antioxidants, 10(6), 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060771
[3] Bureau of Indian Standards. (2007). Nutrient requirements for poultry (broilers) (IS 13574). New Delhi, India.
[4] De Baets, R., Dhooghe, H., & Tilemans, M. (2024). Betaine and feed restriction as mitigation for heat stress: Performance and welfare implications. Poultry Science. Advance online publication. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579124006837
[5] Gregg, C. R., Weeks, H. L., & Zhou, X. (2023). Evaluation of increasing concentrations of supplemental choline on broiler performance. Animals, 13(9), 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/animals13091445
[6] Hassan, R. A., Attia, Y. A., & El-Ganzory, E. H. (2005). Effect of betaine supplementation on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 25(1), 123–134.
[7] Jahanian, R., & Rahmani, H. R. (2008). Effects of dietary betaine on performance, carcass characteristics, and immunity of broilers fed choline-deficient diets. Poultry Science, 87(10), 2005–2012. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00122
[8] Rama Rao, S. V., Raju, M. V. L. N., & Panda, A. K. (2011). Effect of dietary betaine on performance and carcass traits of broilers fed low-choline diets. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 28(1), 79–83.
[9] Saleh, A. A., Hassan, R. F., & Soliman, M. W. (2023). Effect of dietary supplementation of betaine and organic minerals on broiler performance and health indicators. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 17543. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10550832/
[10] Wang, H., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2025). Effect of betaine on growth performance, methionine metabolism and methyl transfer in broilers aged 1–21 days fed a low-methionine diet. Journal of Poultry Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3382/jps/XXXX
[11] Zaki, A., Hussein, M., & Abd El-Sabour, M. A. (2023). Betaine as an alternative feed additive to choline and its effects on productive performance and egg quality: A review and experimental evidence. Food & Nutrition Research. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10192642/
[12] Zhan, X. A. (2001). Influence of betaine on performance and immune response in broilers. *Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 14*(12), 1814–1819. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.1814.

Abstract

The study combines management (feed/fodder) and performance (milk yield) to provide a thorough understanding of nutritional input-output efficiency, which is crucial for assessing dairy herd responses. Milk output during the first 15 days following calving was examined since it is crucial to record metabolic changes during this time. Data on buffalo were documented daily after calving, with particular attention paid to body weight, parity, milk production, and feed/fodder consumption. This routine monitoring allows for dynamic evaluation of the animal's reaction both throughout the postpartum period and during successive lactations. 

The mean milk yield increased from about 2.5–3 liters to 6–7 liters by day 15, in tandem with increased feed intake from around 1.5–2 kg to roughly 3.5–4 kg. All animals show an increasing trend in milk yield from day 1, peaking typically between days 35 and 60, followed by fluctuations. There is a close alignment between the trends of increased feed input and rising milk output throughout the study period. Regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.65) between daily feed intake and milk yield, with each kg increase in feed associated with approximately 0.98 L increase in daily milk production (R² = 0.45, p < 0.001).

Keywords: Buffalo, Body weight, Milk yield, Feed intake, Lactation dynamics.

References

[1] Haque, M. N., Reddy, A. G., & Rao, K. S. (2021). Postpartum metabolic adaptation and feed efficiency in buffaloes during early lactation. Buffalo Bulletin, 40(3), 395–404.
[2] Kumar, D., & Singh, J. (2018). Impact of early post-calving feeding management on milk production in lactating buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal, 95(7), 57–60.
[3] Patil, A. N., & Kumar, V. (2022). Influence of body weight and parity on milk yield performance of Murrah buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 92(10), 1214–1218.
[4] Rao, Y. V., & Reddy, M. D. (2019). Feed management strategies for improving metabolic efficiency and milk yield in dairy buffaloes. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(5), Article 74.
[5] Singh, R., Meena, B. S., & Lathwal, S. S. (2020). Comparative performance of Murrah and Nili-Ravi buffaloes under subtropical conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54(8), 1002–1007.

Abstract

The present investigation on effect of different times and methods of budding in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) using seedling rootstock of peach was conducted under field conditions at the Fruit Nursery and Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, during 2019. The experiment consisted of twenty-four treatment combinations which were replicated thrice in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design. Apricot cv. Newcastle was budded at 15-day intervals from 15th July to 30th September using four budding methods: T-budding, Patch budding, Chip budding, and Ring budding. Observations were recorded on days to sprouting, sprout length, sprout diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area, dead plants after sprouting, dead plants without sprouting, survival percentage, and saleable plant percentage. Earliest bud sprout (78.588 days), maximum sprout length (48.25 cm), thickest sprout diameter (0.878 cm), highest number of branches (25.333), maximum number of leaves (115.7), and highest survival percentage (71.25%) were observed for plants budded on 15th July. Among methods, chip budding resulted in earliest sprouting (135.3 days) and highest survival (67.9%), while T-budding produced longer shoots (29.8 cm) and better saleable plants (79.7%). The combination of 15th July with chip budding (T1M3) performed best across most parameters with earliest sprouting (70 days), longest sprouts (53.3 cm), thickest sprouts (0.95 cm), highest branches (27.3), most leaves (129), highest survival (85.0%), and highest saleable plants (91.7%). Budding in late September resulted in poor performance across all parameters. The study concludes that mid-July budding with chip budding is most suitable for apricot propagation on peach rootstock under Garhwal Himalayan conditions.

Keywords: Budding, Peach seedling rootstock, Time of budding, Method of budding, Sprout length, Bud take success, Apricot propagation.

References

[1] Bourguiba, H., Audergon, J.-M., Krichen, L., Trifi-Farah, N., Mamouni, A., Trabelsi, S., D’Onofrio, C., Asma, B. M., Santoni, S., & Khadari, B. (2012). Loss of genetic diversity as a signature of apricot domestication and diffusion into the Mediterranean Basin. BMC Plant Biology, 12(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-49
[2] Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T., & Geneve, R. L. (2002). Hartmann and Kester's plant propagation: Principles and practices (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
[3] Hussain, S., Mir, M. M., Wani, S. A., Bhat, R., Shameem, R., & Ali, M. T. (2018). Effect of different budding methods and timings on budding success of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(2), 1643– 1649. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.198
[4] McKey, D., Elias, M., Pujol, B., & Duputié, A. (2010). The evolutionary ecology of clonally propagated domesticated plants. New Phytologist, 186(2), 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03210.x
[5] Naithani, D. C. (2018). Evaluation of apricot cultivars and their hybrids under mid hill conditions of Garhwal Himalaya. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 6(2), 976–986. https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.8074
[6] Pawar, K. R., & Nema, P. K. (2023). Apricot kernel characterization, oil extraction, and its utilization: A review. Food Science and Biotechnology, 32(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01228-3
[7] Pawar, K. R., & Nema, P. K. (2023). Apricot kernel characterization, oil extraction, and its utilization: a review. Food Science and Biotechnology, 32(3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-022-01228-3
[8] Prakash, O., Jain, D., Nikumbhe, P., Srivastava, S., & Raghuvanshi, M. (2020). Significance, status and scope of apricot in India: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(6), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i6a.10817
[9] Sharma, R., Gupta, A., Abrol, G. S., & Joshi, V. K. (2014). Value addition of wild apricot fruits grown in North–West Himalayan regions—A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(11), 2917–2924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0766-0
[10] Sheikh, Z. N., Sharma, V., Shah, R. A., Raina, S., Aljabri, M., Mir, J. I., AlKenani, N., & Hakeem, K. R. (2021). Elucidating genetic diversity in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in the North-Western Himalayan provinces of India using SSR markers. Plants,10(12), 2668. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122668

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to study the economics of sunhemp varieties under different sowing windows for seed production in rice fallow system in NC zone during Rabi 2023-24 at Agricultural College Farm, Naira. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial randomized block design with two factors and three replications. Factor one comprised of three varieties JRJ 610 (V1), SUIN 03 (V2), SUIN 037 (V3) and factor two comprised of four sowing windows i.e. first fortnight of November (S1), second fortnight of November (S2), first fortnight of December (S3) and second fortnight of December (S4). Higher gross returns (Rs. 207540 ha⁻¹), net returns (Rs. 123410 ha⁻¹) and B:C ratio (2.47) of rice-sunhemp system were realized with sunhemp variety SUIN 037 sown during second fortnight of November as relay crop after kharif rice. Whereas higher gross returns (Rs. 84,825 ha⁻¹), net returns (Rs. 54,925 ha⁻¹), returns per rupee invested (Rs. 1.84) and highest B:C (2.84) of sole sunhemp crop was obtained with sunhemp variety SUIN 037 sown during first fortnight of November. Choosing the right variety with pest and disease resistance and adaptability to local environmental conditions is essential for good crop establishment as relay crop in rice-based cropping system as alternative to the rice-pulse system in North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh.

Keywords: Sunhemp, Sowing windows, Rice-sunhemp cropping system, Economics

References

[1] Amarajyoti, P., Naidu, D., Mounika, B., & Naveenkumar, G. (2023). Study on profitability of sunhemp seed production over blackgram in rice fallows of Srikakulam district of north coastal AP. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19(1), 17–20.
[2] Bhandari, H. R., Shivakumar, K. V., Kar, C. S., Bera, A., & Meena, J. K. (2022). Sunn hemp: A climate-smart crop. In Developing climate resilient grain and forage legumes (pp. 277–296). Springer.
[3] Brar, S. K., Dhaliwal, S. S., Sharma, V., Sharma, S., & Kaur, M. (2023). Replacement of rice-wheat cropping system with alternative diversified systems concerning crop productivity and their impact on soil carbon and nutrient status in soil profile of north-west India. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 9(1), Article 2167483.
[4] Deshmukh, D. (2023). Evaluation of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) genotypes for green manuring. Journal of AgriSearch, 10(4),230–233.
[5] Kaur, R., Kondal, P., Singh, N., Maurya, V., Sharma, A., & Kumar, R. (2024). Effect of spacing and sowing dates on growth, yield and quality of pea (Pisum sativum L.). International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 7(2), 238–251.
[6] Kumar, J. H., Kumar, K. R., Srinivas, D., Ranjitha, P. S., Reddy, P. R. R., Prasad, Y. G., & Prasad, J. V. (2019). Paddy-sunhemp
system as an alternative resilient technology to paddy–fallow system. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(3), 1654–1658.
[7] Pacharne, D. P., Deshmukh, P. H., & Bhute, N. K. (2021). Effect of sowing windows on newly released varieties for seed yield and economics of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Frontiers in Crop Improvement, 9, 880–882.
[8] Ray, M., Sahoo, K. C., Mohanty, T. R., Mishra, P., Mishra, M., Sahoo, S. K., & Tudu, S. (2020). Effect of climate change on productivity and profitability of chickpea cultivars under various dates of sowing in rice fallows. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 39(31), 116–124.
[9] Sandeep, G. S., Umesha, C., & Kiran, V. U. (2023). Effect of dates of sowing on growth and yield of chickpea varieties. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(10), 834–838.
[10] Satyavathi, V. M., Rao, S. M., Rao, U. A., Srinivas, D., & Rao, G. S. (2024). Growth and yield of sunhemp varieties influenced by various sowing windows under rice fallow system. The Andhra Agricultural Journal, 71(2), 151–157.
[11] Shil, S., Mitra, J., & Pandey, S. K. (2018). JRJ 610 (Prankur): A new sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) variety for high yielding and superior quality fibre. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4), 2354–2357.
[12] Thimmanna, D., Channakeshava, B. C., Vasudevan, S. N., Rame Gowda, R. G., Ramachandrappa, B. K., Basave Gowda, B. G., & Nanjareddy, Y. A. (2014). Influence of seasons, spacings, growth hormones and nutrients on seed production potential and economics of sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 48(3), 341–350.
[13] Verma, N., Bansal, M. C., & Kumar, V. (2011). Pea peel waste: A lignocellulosic waste and its utility in cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei under solid state cultivation. Bioresources, 6(2), 1505–1519.

Abstract

Free-range native chickens have considerable potential for growth and carcass production. However, their productivity often remains low, mainly due to limitations in feed quality and management practices. One promising approach to address this issue is the use of natural additives in drinking water, particularly those derived from agricultural by-products such as fermented dragon fruit peel and papaya seeds. These materials are rich in bioactive compounds and are environmentally friendly, making them attractive alternatives to synthetic additives. Previous studies have shown that phytobiotics and fermented products can improve nutrient digestibility and utilization in poultry. Nevertheless, information on the use of fermented dragon fruit peel and papaya seed extracts—either individually or in combination—on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and offal yield of free-range native chickens is still limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of these fermented extracts when administered through drinking water. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications, involving a total of 200 native chickens reared under a free-range system. The treatments consisted of drinking water without extract (control, T0), drinking water supplemented with 4% fermented dragon fruit peel extract (T1), drinking water supplemented with 4% fermented papaya seed extract (T2), and drinking water containing a combination of 2% fermented dragon fruit peel extract and 2% fermented papaya seed extract (T3). Growth performance parameters observed included final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio, while carcass traits included slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass percentage, and internal and external offal percentages. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's multiple range test when significant differences were detected. The results showed that supplementation with fermented dragon fruit peel extract, fermented papaya seed extract, or their combination significantly improved final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight, carcass weight, and carcass percentage compared to the control group. Final body weight ranged from 812.75 g (control) to 920.00 g (combination treatment), while carcass percentage increased from 64.29% (control) to 65.73% (combination treatment). In contrast, feed intake as well as internal and external offal percentages were not affected by the treatments. These findings indicate that fermented dragon fruit peel and papaya seed extracts, administered through drinking water, can be effectively used to enhance growth performance and carcass production of free-range native chickens.

Keywords: Native chickens, fermented dragon fruit peel, fermented papaya seeds, native chicken growth, carcass production.

References

[1] Cano, R. (2024). Dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota cross-talk. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(16), 9118.
[2] Dewi, G. A. M. K., Ningsih, N. W. A., & Wardani, N. P. K. (2022). Limbah buah naga (Hylocereus sp.) untuk ternak unggas (1st ed.). Udayana University Press.
[3] Dissa, M., Yesuf, Y. K., & Belete, E. (2023). Effect of papaya (Carica papaya) seed as phytogenic feed additives on egg performance, egg quality and blood serum biochemical constituents of layer hens. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 9(6), 2747–2754. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1295
[4] Gaggìa, F., Mattarelli, P., & Biavati, B. (2010). Probiotics and prebiotics in animal feeding for safe food production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 141(Suppl. 1), S15–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.02.031
[5] Le, N. L. (2022). Functional compounds in dragon fruit peels and their potential health benefits: A review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(5), 2571–2580. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.15111
[6] Makkar, H. P. S. (2016). Feed additives: Animal nutrition strategies for sustainability. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
[7] Mesquita, M. da S., Santos, P. D. F., Holkem, A. T., Thomazini, M., & Favaro-Trindade, C. S. (2023). Encapsulation of Formosa papaya (Carica papaya L.) seed extract: Physicochemical characteristics of particles, and study of stability and release of encapsulated phenolic compounds. Processes, 11(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010027
[8] Putri, N. K., Gunawan, I. W. G., & Suarsa, I. W. (2022). Aktivitas antioksidan antosianin dalam ekstrak etanol kulit buah naga supermerah. Jurnal Kimia, 16(1), 45–52.
[9] Xu, F., Wu, H., Xie, J., Zeng, T., Hao, L., Xu, W., & Lu, L. (2023). The effects of fermented feed on the growth performance, antioxidant activity, immune function, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, morphology, and microflora of yellow-feather chickens. Animals, 13(22), 3545. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223545
[10] Yuanita, I., Silitonga, L., Ginting, H. O. Br., Christiani, E., Lisna, L., Fajar, R., & Tobias, E. (2022). The effect of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel meal on internal organs, ileal coliform, and growth performances in broiler chickens. *Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 32*(2), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2022.032.02.03.

Abstract

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is a high-value horticultural crop with increasing demand due to population growth. However, the availability of productive agricultural land to expand shallot cultivation is declining. Inceptisols are widely distributed and have potential for cultivation, but their physical and chemical limitations often restrict crop productivity. The application of slow-release NPK fertilizer (NPK-SR) combined with natural zeolite is expected to improve nutrient availability and enhance soil quality in Inceptisol. This study aimed to determine the optimal diameter of NPK-SR fertilizer and zeolite particle size, as well as their interaction effects on phosphorus (P) uptake and yield quality of shallot. The experiment was conducted in pots using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors: NPK-SR diameter (control, 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm) and zeolite particle size (60 mesh and 100 mesh), each with three replications. Observed variables included P uptake, bulb diameter, bulb volume, bulb firmness, bulb color, bulb aroma, vitamin C content, and bulb water content. The results showed that different diameters of NPK-SR fertilizer did not significantly affect all observed variables. Zeolite particle size significantly affected bulb firmness. A significant interaction between NPK-SR diameter and zeolite particle size was observed for vitamin C content, with the best combination obtained from 5 mm NPK-SR fertilizer and 60 mesh zeolite, producing the highest vitamin C content of 0.96%.

Keywords: Shallot, slow-release fertilizer, zeolite, phosphorus uptake, Inceptisols

References

[1] FAO. (2023). FAOSTAT statistical database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/
[2] IUSS Working Group WRB. (2022). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2022: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps (4th ed.). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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Abstract

Artisanal octopus fisheries constitute a vital component of coastal economies worldwide, employing millions of fishers and providing essential protein sources across diverse communities, contributing significantly to food security in developing coastal nations. This comprehensive review synthesizes traditional and artisanal methods of octopus capture and processing across global fisheries, with particular emphasis on Octopus vulgaris and Octopus cyanea, while examining their critical role in household nutrition, income generation, and community food security. We examine fishing techniques spanning Mediterranean clay pot traps, Asian cement concrete shelters (pocong), African gleaning methods, and Latin American handline fishing (gareteo), alongside processing methods including traditional sun-drying, salt-curing, smoking, boiling, and modern value-added products. Seven meta-analyses based on systematic review of 147 studies quantitatively assess: (1) catch per unit effort across fishing gear types, (2) sustainability outcomes of periodic closures, (3) economic returns from different fishing methods, (4) size selectivity of traditional versus modern gears, (5) processing yield comparisons, (6) shelf-life extension through preservation methods, and (7) value addition through processing. Results demonstrate that traditional potbased methods exhibit superior sustainability profiles compared to trawling (mean effect size 0.35, 95% CI [0.25-0.45]), while periodic closures consistently increase catch rates by 48-87% post-closure, directly enhancing household food availability. Processing innovations can double to quadruple fisher incomes through value addition, with women-led cooperatives driving significant community development and improving nutrition security. Octopus provides high-quality protein (11-13% wet weight), essential amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and micronutrients including iron, zinc, and vitamin B12, making it a crucial component of coastal food systems. However, climate change, market pressures, and abandonment of traditional knowledge threaten both long-term sustainability and food security. Management recommendations emphasize communitybased approaches, rotational seasonal closures (13-16 weeks optimal duration), minimum size regulations, gear restrictions favoring passive methods, targeted support for artisanal processing enterprises, particularly women's cooperatives, and integrated food security policies that balance export revenues with domestic consumption needs. Alternative livelihood programs during closure periods and social safety nets are critical for maintaining household food security while implementing conservation measures.

Keywords: Octopus fishery, artisanal fishing, food security, value addition, community-based management, coastal livelihoods, nutrition security, meta-analysis.

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Abstract

This study assessed the adoption and utilization of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) practices among smallholder maize farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, with specific focus on: (i) determining the effect of households' socio-economic factors on farmers' uptake and use of ISFM technologies; and (ii) ascertaining the various soil fertility management strategies employed by smallholder farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 300 respondents across six communities in three Local Government Areas (Lafia, Doma, and Nasarawa Eggon). Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, and a 5-point Likert scale. The logistic regression results showed that age (p=0.022), education (p=0.001), annual income (p=0.032), extension contact (p=0.005), and association membership (p=0.033) significantly influenced ISFM adoption. Regarding soil fertility management strategies, chemical fertilizer use dominated at 89%, followed by combined organic-inorganic application (81.7%) and crop rotation (78%). The study concludes that ISFM adoption is shaped by socio-economic and institutional factors, with fragmented adoption of practices characterized by heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers while underutilizing complementary soil health practices. Strengthening extension systems, improving input accessibility, enhancing farmer capacity through targeted training, and promoting integrated approaches that combine organic and inorganic nutrient sources are recommended to promote sustainable soil fertility management among smallholder maize farmers in the study area.

Keywords: Integrated Soil Fertility Management Practices, adoption, soil fertility strategies, smallholder farmers.

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Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Banana Research Station, Kannara, Kerala Agricultural University during the 2023-24 cropping season to determine the optimum level of nutrients of fertigation doses for enhancing banana productivity and profitability. 

The experiment was arranged under open precision farming in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments and three replications. The investigation's results showed that different levels of macronutrients applied through drip fertigation significantly impacted the growth, development, yield, and quality of the banana crop. Nitrogen and potassium had different but complementary roles throughout the crop cycle. Nitrogen availability heavily influenced vegetative growth. Treatment T4 (150% N) had the highest pseudostem height, girth, number of functional leaves, and total leaf area. While this higher nitrogen application created a large vegetative framework, it did not lead to the highest economic yield. On the other hand, potassium application was the main factor for improving yield. Treatment T10 (150% K) had the best economic yield parameters, with a maximum bunch weight of 14.11 kg, 7.00 hands per bunch, 72.00 total fingers per bunch, and an individual finger weight of 162 g. This better yield came from potassium helping with optimal cell expansion and efficient movement of carbohydrates from the leaves to the fruit. 

In summary, when comparing different levels of primary nutrients, the most effective fertigation doses were 125% N, 100% P, and 150% K. This combination was the most productive and economically sound nutrient management strategy for commercial banana cultivation in the studied agro-climatic conditions.

Keywords: Fertigation, banana crop productivity, nutrient management, nutrient requirement, partitioning efficiency.

References

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Abstract

Large crowds—such as those at religious events, concerts, or sporting venues—are prone to risks of crowd disasters including stampedes, panic-induced chaos, and congestion-related incidents, which constitute serious threats to public safety. Real-time monitoring, predictive analysis, and timely decision-making are key requirements for effective crowd disaster management to minimize risk and improve safety measures. In this field, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful solution, utilizing advanced technologies including machine learning, computer vision, and simulation models to assess and control crowd behaviour efficiently. This paper reviews the application of AI in crowd disaster management, including risk assessment, anomaly detection, evacuation planning, and emergency response. Live video feeds are analysed by AI-powered surveillance systems, which also predict potential hazards based on movement patterns. Through IoT devices, data can be instantly processed, enabling dynamic evacuation routing through knowledge-based evacuation systems. Robotic and drone technology combined with AI ensures that emergency responders can respond to situations as they unfold. Beyond disaster prevention, AI in crowd management improves emergency management processes and resource utilization. The role of AI is discussed in this paper, leading to the finding that it can improve safety, make evacuations more efficient, and reduce loss of life. By utilizing AI-driven intelligent systems, authorities can significantly enhance crowd control measures, creating safer and more organized environments for large gatherings.

Keywords: Crowd Management, Disaster, Artificial Intelligence, Stampede, Safety, Strategies.

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Abstract

Plant breeding plays a vital role in meeting the needs of ever-increasing global food demands, climate change and sustainable agricultural practices. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning algorithms are used in plant breeding for several activities, including genotype-phenotype prediction, genomic selection, trait discovery, and the optimization of breeding methods. These methods help to determine the location of genetic markers that are related to certain traits based on the analysis of big data sets containing genomic and phenotypic information, which in turn allows the breeders to choose the plants with the desired traits effectively. The use of AI technologies can enhance the breeding process through the use of simulation of breeding results, hence cutting down on the time and resources needed for the conventional trial and error methods. Concerns on data quality, model interpretability and ethical issues need to be addressed so that the application of AI in breeding is reliable and devoid of ethical concerns. Also, the lack of advanced computing infrastructure and skilled personnel is a challenge to many breeders especially in developing countries. The prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in plant breeding exhibit considerable promise. The continuous advancements in computational biology, genomics, and data analytics will substantially enhance the capabilities of artificial intelligence-driven breeding systems. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into plant breeding methodologies has the potential to revolutionize crop improvement efforts, therefore laying the foundation for sustainable agriculture and food security in the context of a changing climate.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Plant Breeding, Machine Learning.

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