Volume-12, Issue-8, August 2026

Abstract

The escalating challenge of water scarcity during dry seasons continues to impede smallholder agricultural productivity across Sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. This journal article examines the adoption of solar-powered pumping machines as a renewable and cost-effective water management solution, with particular emphasis on its implications for agribusiness among adult learners. Drawing on a review of empirical studies, field surveys, and adult education frameworks, the paper explores the technical dimensions of solar pumping systems, their economic viability, environmental sustainability, and the critical role of adult learning in facilitating technology adoption. The study identifies barriers to adoption — including high initial cost, limited technical literacy, and inadequate policy support — alongside enabling factors such as community-based learning models, government incentive schemes, and access to microfinance. The findings suggest that integrating solar pumping technology into adult agricultural education curricula can significantly enhance agribusiness productivity and profitability. Policy recommendations for stakeholders, extension officers, and educational institutions are provided. 

Keywords: Solar energy, Solar pumping machine, Dry season farming, Agribusiness, Adult learners, Adult education, Renewable energy, Irrigation, Nigeria, Smallholder farming, Climate change adaptation, Agricultural extension, Andragogy, Sustainable agriculture, Water management.

References

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[12] Nigerian Meteorological Agency. (2023). Annual solar radiation and sunshine hours report for Nigeria, 2022. NiMet. 
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[14] Rural Electrification Agency. (2023). Energizing agriculture programme: Progress report 2022–2023. REA. 
[15] SunCulture. (2022). RainMaker2 solar irrigation impact report: Kenya smallholder farmer outcomes 2020–2022. SunCulture Kenya Ltd. 
[16] United Nations Development Programme. (2022). Accelerating renewable energy access in rural Africa: Country case studies and lessons for scale. UNDP. 
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Abstract

Rising ecological challenges such as climate change, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss call for sustainable approaches to agricultural development. This paper argues that integrating ecological knowledge into foundational agro-business skills is essential for promoting sustainable livelihoods and advancing the green economy. Ecological literacy enables agro-entrepreneurs to make informed decisions in areas like soil health, water management, and climate-resilient farming. The paper outlines key agro-business competencies and illustrates how ecological principles enhance enterprise sustainability. It further addresses common misconceptions about ecological approaches being impractical for business success. The paper recommends curriculum reforms, policy support, and capacity-building programs that embed ecological understanding in agro-business training. Building agro-business skills on ecological foundations is not just an innovation; it is a necessity for long-term food security, environmental protection, and green economic growth. 

Keywords: Ecological Literacy, Agro-Business Skills, Green Economy, Sustainable Agriculture, Climate-Resilient Farming, Nigeria, Youth Employment, Gender Inclusion, Climate Adaptation, Environmental Education.

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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) coexist with heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems, influencing contaminant mobility and 
ecological risks. We analyzed sediments, water, and MPs from five freshwater lakes in Coimbatore, India, for Cu, Fe, Cd, As, 
Pb, Sn, Ni, Mn, and Sr using ICP–MS. All metals were detected across matrices, with sediments showing the highest 
concentrations. Cd levels in MPs (0.08–0.26 mg/kg) closely reflected those in sediments and water, indicating environmental 
adsorption. In contrast, As (0.11–0.34 mg/kg) and Sn (0.09–0.28 mg/kg) were enriched in MPs, consistent with their use as 
plastic additives. These results suggest dual sources of metal contamination—environmental deposition and polymer 
additives—shaping the metal burden of MPs. By serving as carriers of trace metals, MPs represent potential vectors for 
contaminant transfer into aquatic food webs. This study provides baseline evidence of MP–metal interactions in Indian 
freshwater lakes, with implications for ecological risk assessment and water resource management. 

Keywords: Microplastics, Heavy metals, Sediment contamination, Aquatic ecosystems, Environmental Health, Environmental Risk.

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Abstract

Carbon allocation and source-sink interactions are fundamental determinants of yield, fruit quality, and climate resilience in perennial fruit crops. Unlike annual species, fruit crops must continuously distribute assimilates among reproductive, vegetative, and storage sinks, balancing current production with future growth. Although photosynthetic carbon supply has traditionally been regarded as the primary driver of productivity, increasing evidence shows that sink demand actively regulates source activity through metabolic and signalling feedback, making crop performance dependent on the coordinated interaction of source capacity, sink strength, phloem transport, and non-structural carbohydrate reserves. This review synthesizes current physiological, biochemical, and modelling knowledge to develop an integrated framework for understanding carbon allocation in major fruit crops, including apple, grapevine, citrus, peach, and mango. It examines the roles of carbohydrate reserves, sink activity, and phloem transport in regulating fruit growth, quality, and seasonal carry-over effects, while highlighting the impacts of drought, heat stress, elevated atmospheric CO₂, and nutrient limitations on source-sink coordination. Emerging approaches for analysing carbon dynamics and key research priorities are also discussed. Optimizing sink activity and reserve dynamics, together with climate-smart orchard management, is essential for sustaining fruit productivity, quality, and resilience under changing climatic conditions.

Keywords: Carbon allocation; source-sink; sink strength; photoassimilates; non-structural carbohydrates; climate resilience.

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Abstract

Agricultural institutions play a crucial role in enhancing the effectiveness of agricultural development and strengthening food security, particularly in resource-limited areas such as Parepare City. This study aims to analyze the role of agricultural institutions and formulate institutional strengthening strategies to support food security. The study employed a mixed methods approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and questionnaires. Institutional role analysis was conducted using MAXQDA, while strengthening strategies were analyzed using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM). The results suggest that agricultural institutions contribute through three sectors: the public sector, the voluntary sector, and the private sector, which play a role in providing production facilities, extension services, access to capital, food distribution, and digital-based marketing. The ISM analysis identified five priority strategies: increasing the capacity of extension workers, increasing farmer knowledge through education and mentoring, providing production facilities, providing fertilizers as needed, and using quality seeds to increase productivity. Strengthening human resource capacity and synergy between stakeholders emerged as key factors in realizing adaptive and sustainable agricultural institutions to support regional food security. 

Keywords: Agricultural institutions, food security, MAXQDA, Interpretative Structural Modeling, strengthening strategies.

References

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Abstract

Soil physicochemical properties are basic soil fertility parameters and soil ecosystem function in tropical forests as they control soil nutrient cycling, soil organic matter decomposition and the productivity of vegetation. In the present study, spatial variations of soil physicochemical properties were explored in Kanger Valley National Park, Chhattisgarh, India, by Pearson correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Nine representative sites were sampled and composite samples of the surface soil (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) were taken for each sample site, and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), available nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), particle density (PD), and bulk density (BD). Soils were found to be non-saline (pH 5.03 to 6.05) and had low electrical conductivity (0.08 to 0.34 dS m⁻¹), which is good for forest vegetation. Organic carbon content ranged between 0.64–0.72%, available nitrogen (160.25–179.75 ppm), phosphorus (9.23–13.05 ppm), and potassium (153.50–178.75 ppm) showed moderate fertility of the soil. The Pearson correlation values showed that there were high positive correlations between the available K and available N with organic C, and soil pH with organic C and available N, suggesting that these are more influenced by organic C than by bulk density, while the bulk density had significant negative correlations with most of the fertility parameters, indicating adverse effects of soil compaction on nutrient availability. Based on the Principal Component Analysis, the total variance was explained by two principal components with eigenvalues larger than one, accounting for 63.9% of the total variance. The first principal component (47.3%) explained the soil fertility gradient, which was dominated by soil organic carbon, pH, available soil N and soil K, and second principal component (16.6%) reflected variations in soil physical properties, mainly particle density and bulk density. PCA site scores and the biplot were able to clearly separate nutrient-rich sites from relatively nutrient-poor sites, indicating that there was a high degree of soil quality variability across the study area. The results show that organic carbon is the most important factor for soil fertility, while bulk density and particle density are secondary factors for soil variation. The results present a good baseline data for monitoring soil quality and aid sustainable conservation and management of the tropical forest ecosystems in Kanger Valley National Park. 

Keywords: Soil fertility; Soil physicochemical properties; Principal Component Analysis; Pearson correlation; Organic carbon; Tropical forest; Kanger Valley National Park.

References

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Abstract

Rapid urbanization across tropical megacities has intensified the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, altering not only local thermal comfort but also the boundary-layer dynamics that govern convective storm initiation. Unlike mid-latitude UHI studies, tropical megacities operate in a high-humidity, high-instability background environment in which even modest urban-induced thermal and mechanical perturbations can trigger disproportionately large convective responses. This paper examines the coupling between UHI intensification and convective storm initiation across tropical megacities including Mumbai, Jakarta, Manila, and São Paulo, synthesizing evidence from urban boundary-layer observations, dual-polarization radar climatologies, and coupled urban-canopy/mesoscale model simulations. The review addresses three physical pathways linking urbanization to convective enhancement: urban-induced differential heating that generates thermally driven convergence zones, aerosol-mediated microphysical modification of cloud droplet spectra, and urban surface roughness effects that alter low-level convergence and boundary-layer depth. A comparative methodology is described using Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with an Urban Canopy Model (WRF-UCM), satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) retrievals, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)/Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation climatologies to isolate urban rainfall signatures from background convective variability. Reported findings across the reviewed literature consistently indicate a statistically significant downwind and over-city enhancement of afternoon convective rainfall frequency and intensity attributable to urban land-use change, though the magnitude and spatial pattern of this enhancement vary considerably with city morphology, background synoptic forcing, and coastal proximity. The paper concludes by identifying key uncertainties in aerosol-convection interaction representation, urban-canopy parameterization resolution, and the compounding risk of urban flash flooding arising from UHI-enhanced convection over increasingly impervious urban surfaces.

Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Convective Initiation, Tropical Megacities, Urban-Induced Precipitation, Land- Atmosphere Coupling, Urban Canopy Model, Aerosol-Cloud Interaction, Mesoscale Convection.

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[10] Aldrian, E., & Susanto, R. D. (2003). Identification of three dominant rainfall regions within Indonesia and their relationship to sea surface temperature. International Journal of Climatology, *23*(12), 1435-1452. 
[11] Zhang, D., Shou, Y., & Dickerson, R. R. (2009). Upstream urbanization exacerbates urban heat island effects. Geophysical Research Letters, *36*(24), L24401. 
[12] Zhong, J., Cai, X.-M., & Steele, W. J. (2015). Coupling of a mesoscale meteorological model with an urban canopy model: Application and evaluation for a summer convective event. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, *155*(2), 233-261. 
[13] Chen, F., et al. (2011). The integrated WRF/urban modelling system: Development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. International Journal of Climatology, *31*(2), 273-288. 
[14] Zhou, Q., Mikkelsen, P. S., Halsnæ s, K., & Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. (2012). Framework for economic pluvial flood risk assessment considering climate change effects and adaptation benefits. Journal of Hydrology, *414-415*, 539-549. 
[15] Li, Z., et al. (2016). Aerosol and monsoon climate interactions over Asia. Reviews of Geophysics, *54*(4), 866-929. 
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Abstract

Heatwaves are among the deadliest climate extremes, and their impacts on human health, agriculture, energy demand, and infrastructure are strongly dependent on the amount of advance warning available to decision-makers. Weather forecasts provide reliable skill only to about 10–14 days, while seasonal forecasts operate at climatological, not event-scale, resolution, leaving a critical "sub-seasonal" gap of roughly two to six weeks in which actionable heatwave-onset prediction is most needed but least mature. This paper investigates the sub-seasonal predictability of heatwave onset by examining coupled ocean-atmosphere teleconnection patterns, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), and mid-latitude atmospheric blocking, as sources of extended-range predictive skill. The study reviews observational and reanalysis-based evidence linking specific MJO phases and ENSO states to anomalous ridging, soil-moisture feedbacks, and Rossby wave train propagation associated with heatwave initiation over North America, Europe, and East Asia. A composite and lagged-correlation methodology is described using ERA5 reanalysis, NOAA Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) data, and the Real-time Multivariate MJO (RMM) index, alongside statistical and machine-learning-based predictive frameworks (logistic regression, random forest, and LSTM architectures) applied in the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) prediction literature. Comparative skill metrics reported across studies indicate that heatwave predictability at 3–4 week lead times is substantially enhanced when MJO phase and ENSO state are used as joint predictors relative to climatology alone, though skill remains regionally heterogeneous and highly sensitive to the underlying dynamical driver. The paper concludes by identifying persistent challenges in operational S2S heatwave prediction, including model bias in MJO teleconnection representation, land-atmosphere coupling errors, and the need for regionally tailored predictor combinations. 

Keywords: Sub-seasonal Prediction, Heatwave Onset, Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnections, Madden-Julian Oscillation, ENSO, Atmospheric Blocking, S2S Forecasting, Extended-Range Forecasting.

References

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[11] Vitart, F., & Robertson, A. W. (2018). The sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction project (S2S) and the prediction of extreme events. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, *1*(3), 1-7. 
[12] Ardilouze, C., et al. (2017). Impact of soil moisture initialization on sub-seasonal predictions: A case study over Europe. Climate Dynamics, *49*(11-12), 3959-3974. 
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[15] Wulff, D. E., & Domeisen, D. I. V. (2019). Higher subseasonal predictability of extreme heat events compared to average summertime conditions in Europe. Geophysical Research Letters, *46*(21), 12172-12181. 
[16] Domeisen, D. I. V., et al. (2020). Advances in the subseasonal prediction of extreme events: Relevant case studies across the globe. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, *101*(9), E1473-E1501. 
[17] Schubert, M. G., Wang, H., & Suarez, M. (2011). Warm season subseasonal variability and climate extremes in the Northern Hemisphere: The role of stationary Rossby waves. Journal of Climate, *24*(18), 4773-4792. 
[18] Ford, T. L., Hoskins, M., & Barnes, E. (2018). Linking Rossby wave breaking to future changes in Californian heatwaves. Journal of Climate, *31*(15), 5875-5891. 
[19] Trenberth, K. E., & Fasullo, J. T. (2012). Climate extremes and climate change: The Russian heat wave and other climate extremes of 2010. Journal of Geophysical Research, *117*, D17103. 
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Abstract

Agribusiness plays a crucial role in Nigeria's economy, contributing significantly to employment, revenue, and food security. However, the sector faces challenges such as limited market accessibility, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of basic marketing skills. This study emphasizes the importance of developing basic agribusiness skills in marketing to increase competitiveness, improve market accessibility, and achieve sustainable development goals. The study identifies essential skills required for agribusiness marketing, including market research, product development, pricing, promotion, distribution, digital marketing, and sustainability marketing. It also provides recommendations for agribusiness owners, research institutes, and the government to support the development of these skills. The study's findings highlight the potential of agribusiness to contribute to Nigeria's sustainable development, particularly in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 2, 8, and 12. By acquiring basic agribusiness skills in marketing, agribusiness owners can increase their competitiveness, improve market accessibility, and contribute to Nigeria's economic development. This study provides valuable insights for stakeholdersin the agribusiness sector, policymakers, and researchers. 

Keywords: Agribusiness, Skill, Marketing, Sustainable Development Goals, Nigeria, Small and Medium Enterprises, Agricultural marketing, Capacity building, Rural development.

References

[1] Adamu, G. (2020). Effects of market penetration on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises in Markurdi Metropolis, Benue State. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Research, *9*(1). 
[2] Akinyiola, M. A., & Dosunmu, M. M. (2024). Enhancing marketing performance in the insurance sector: A case study of South West, Nigeria. Journal of Interdisciplinary & Innovative Research in General Studies in Education. 
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[5] Davies, & Goldberg. (2021). A concept of agribusiness. Alpue Press. 
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[7] Julie, S. (2019). An examination of the determinants of customer loyalty in mobile commerce contexts. Information and Management, *43*. 
[8] Makhrout, S., & Aithbibi, A. (2023). Sustainable development: The history & evolution of a concept. Revue Internationale de la Recherche Scientifique, *1*(4). 
[9] Merriam-Webster. (2025). Skill. https://www.merriam-webster.com 
[10] Mghenyi, E., Cora, D., James, T., & Chidozie, A. (2022). Transforming agribusiness in Nigeria for inclusive recovery, jobs creation and poverty reduction: Policy reforms and investment priorities. In International development in focus. World Bank. 
[11] Oladunjoye, O. T., & Alli, T. S. (2023). Marketing skills and promotion as a sustainability of small and medium scale enterprises among selected SMEs in Ikeja Local Government Area of Lagos State. In 2nd International Conference of College of Management Science, Order of Proceeding. 
[12] Oseme, E. S., & Suwan, G. S. (2023). Entrepreneurial skills acquired by agribusiness graduates in the management of small scale agribusiness ventures in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, *9*(3). 
[13] Rick, V. E. (2024). What are skills: Explanations examples. https://www.ag5.com 
[14] Szymanska, A. (2021). Reducing socio-economic inequalities in the European Union in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Sustainability, *13*(13). 
[15] Todd, O. R. (2024). What is agribusiness? Eden Green. https://www.edengreen.com 
[16] Van Fleet, D. (2016). What is agribusiness? A visual description. Amity Journal of Agribusiness, *1*(1). 

Abstract

Agribusiness vocational training holds transformative potential for rural adult populations in Taraba State, Nigeria, yet participation rates remain critically low. This study investigated the motivational factors influencing adult learners' engagement with agribusiness vocational training programs in Taraba State, drawing on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and andragogy as theoretical frameworks. Employing a mixed-methods research design, data were collected from 347 adult learners, 28 vocational instructors, and 14 extension officers across six Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the state. Quantitative data were gathered using a validated 42-item Likert-scale questionnaire, while qualitative insights were obtained through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Findings revealed that economic incentives, perceived social relevance, access to market linkages, and peer support networks were the dominant intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. In contrast, low literacy levels, cultural barriers, family obligations, inadequate training infrastructure, and the absence of government-backed credit facilities emerged as the principal demotivating factors. The study recommends the integration of flexible, context-sensitive curriculum designs that align with the agricultural calendar, the strengthening of farmer cooperative learning clusters, and enhanced policy commitment to agribusiness training funding in Taraba State. These findings contribute to a growing body of knowledge on adult vocational education in Nigeria's Middle Belt region. 

Keywords: Adult learning motivation, Agribusiness vocational training, Taraba State, Self-Determination Theory, Andragogy, Rural education, Nigeria, Adult education, Agricultural extension, Rural development, Vocational education.

References

[1] Abebe, G. K., Bijman, J., Pascucci, S., & Omta, O. (2021). Adoption of improved potato varieties among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia: Role of farmer learning groups. World Development, *140*, 105234. 
[2] Adeleke, T. O. (2019). Barriers to adult participation in vocational education programs in rural Nigeria. African Journal of Adult Education, *12*(1), 44-61. 
[3] Adekunle, B. S., & Olowu, A. T. (2021). Self-determination and intrinsic motivation in adult non-formal education settings in Southwest Nigeria. International Journal of Lifelong Education, *40*(3), 211-227. 
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[9] Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The 'what' and 'why' of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, *11*(4), 227-268. 
[10] Eze, C. A., & Ikwuakam, O. T. (2021). Assessment of the National Directorate of Employment agro-based entrepreneurship training in Southeast Nigeria. Vocational and Technical Education Journal, *9*(2), 31-46. 
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[12] Mwangi, J. K., & Kariuki, P. W. (2023). Social learning networks and agricultural technology adoption: Evidence from Central Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, *97*, 123-134. 
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[14] Nwachukwu, I. N. (2022). Economic and social motivations in adult agricultural education: A qualitative study in Anambra State. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Extension, *22*(1), 1-17. 
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[19] Waweru, P. K., Mwangi, S. K., & Kariuki, J. N. (2022). Peer mentorship and motivation in farmer training programs: Lessons from Kenya's tea-growing regions. East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, *5*(1), 55-67. 
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Abstract

Agricultural products for both crops and animals are essential commodities worldwide, and the issue of food security is one of the major global challenges that demands serious concern and attention. This paper focuses on ways of addressing the farmers-herders crisis through the use, support, and cooperation of all village heads and community leaders in the farming communities of Adamawa State. This is because the village head knows all the caliber of farmers within their territories, and the majority of farmers listen to and give maximum respect to their community leaders. The paper reveals that Nigeria has experienced the highest number of farmer-herder fatalities in West or Central Africa over the past decade. The crisis has resulted in a large number of deaths among farmers, low agricultural productivity, and high prices of food items across West African countries. The paper recommends that village heads should organize regular meetings with farmers to enlighten them on the consequences of crisis on social, cultural, and economic aspects. The government should encourage, motivate, and support community leaders and engage them in decision-making. Additionally, the provision of infrastructural facilities is of paramount importance to support all cultural and community leaders to do the needful, in order to address the challenges of the farmers-herders crisis in Nigeria and ensure economic sustainability. 

Keywords: Farmer-herder conflict, Nigeria, Adamawa State, Intercultural leadership, Conflict resolution, Community leadership, Pastoralism, Food security.

References

[1] ACAPS. (2017). Thematic report: Nigeria. Farmer–Fulani herder violence in Benue, Kaduna and Plateau States. http://www.acaps.org/sites/files 
[2] Adeoye, N. O. (2017). Climate change and conflict in Nigeria. Journal of Conflict and Security Studies, *12*(1), 45-62. 
[3] Audu, S. D. (2013). Farmer-herder conflicts in Nigeria: A review of the literature. Journal of Peace Research, *50*(4), 455-468. 
[4] Blench, R. (2010). Conflict between pastoralists and farmers in Nigeria: A review. Journal of African Studies, *19*(1), 1-15. 
[5] Daily Trust. (2019, July 1). Why FG is establishing Ruga settlements – Presidency. Daily Trust. https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/why-fg-is-establishing-ruga-settlements-presidency.html 
[6] Food and Agriculture Organization. (2018). The impact of conflict on food security in Nigeria. 
[7] Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. (2020). Nigeria: Internal displacement due to conflict. 
[8] International Crisis Group. (2018). Stopping Nigeria's spiraling farmer-herder violence. 
[9] Okoli, A. C. (2019). The herders-farmers conflict in Nigeria: Causes, consequences, and management strategies. Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development, *5*(1), 1-15. 
[10] Okoli, A. C., & Atelhe, G. A. (2014). Nomads against natives: A political ecological contestation in Nigeria. Journal of African Studies, *23*(1), 61-80. 
[11] Relief Web. (2018, July 4). Growing impact of the pastoral conflict - Nigeria. https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/growing-impact-pastoral-conflict 
[12] United Nations Development Programme. (2020). Sustainable development in Nigeria: Challenges and opportunities. 

Abstract

This review examines the role of governmental agricultural policies and programs, and targeted interventions in fostering youth agripreneurship as a driver for sustainable economic development in Nigeria. Accordingly, the paper analyzes the effectiveness of existing programs, policies, and institutional frameworks designed to support young people's engagement in the agricultural sector. Therefore, having identified and reviewed the best practices, gaps, and areas for improvement in policy design and implementation, it was however noticed that some key areas such as access to finance, land access, skills development, market access, and technology transfer need to be refocused. Hence, it concludes by offering specific policy recommendations to strengthen the enabling environment for youth agripreneurship and maximize its contribution to Nigeria's sustainable economic development, among others. 

Keywords: Youth Agripreneurship, Driver, Sustainable, Economic Development, Nigeria, Agricultural entrepreneurship, Youth empowerment, Food security, Policy, Unemployment, Rural development.

References

[1] Addo, L. K. (2018). Factors influencing agripreneurship and their role in agripreneurship performance among young graduate agripreneurs. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, *3*(6), 268-289.  https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.6.14 
[2] Adeyanju, D. F., Mburu, J. N., & Mignouna, D. B. (2021). Youth agricultural entrepreneurship: Assessing the impact of agricultural training programmes on performance. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13041697 
[3] Afande, F. O., Maina, W. N., & Maina, M. P. (2015). Youth engagement in agriculture in Kenya: Challenges and prospects. Journal of Culture, Society and Development, *71*, 4-19. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JCSD/article/view/22759 
[4] Ajekwe, C. C., & Ibiamke, A. (2020). Entrepreneurship through agriculture in Nigeria. Business and Management Research, *9*, 35. https://doi.org/10.5430/BMR.V9N1P35 
[5] Arumugam, U., & Manida, M. (2023). Agripreneurship for sustainable economic development in India. ComFin Research, *11*(4), 15-23. 
[6] Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L. F., Singer, D., & Van Oudheusden, P. (2015). The global findex database 2014: Measuring financial inclusion around the world (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7255).  https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/21865/WPS7255.pdf 
[7] Donatus, I. N., & Chinyere, E. F. (2019). Banking sector reforms and sustainable development in Nigeria. International Journal of Social & Management Sciences, *2*(1), 96-109. 
[8] FAO, CTA, & IFAD. (2014). Youth and agriculture: Key challenges and concrete solutions. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 
[9] Geza, W., Ngidi, M. S. C., Slotow, R., & Mabhaudhi, T. (2022). The dynamics of youth employment and empowerment in agriculture and rural development in South Africa: A scoping review. Sustainability, *14*(9), 5041. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095041 
[10] Isukul, A. C., Chizea, J. J., & Agbugba, I. K. (2019). Economic diversification in Nigeria: Lessons from other countries of Africa. SRPN: Oil (Topic). 
[11] Iwuagwu, O. C. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and Nigeria's politics of economic diversification. Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies, *13*, 87. 
[12] Jamal, Abubakar, A., Sani, Abubakar, S. S., Sanusi, M., Ibrahim, & Kolo, A. (2018). Agriculture and poverty reduction in Nigeria: A review. 
[13] Justine, I. I. C., Ighodalo, A., & Okpo, O. C. (2012). Poverty and sustainable socio-economic development in Africa: The Nigerian experience. Asian Economic and Financial Review, *2*(2), 367-381. https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5002/article/view/764 
[14] Kabiru, I., Turaki, M. A., & Zainab, A. A. (2021). Youth empowerment through agriculture for eradication of hunger and poverty in Nigeria. 
[15] Kruja, A. (2013). Sustainable economic development, a necessity of the 21st century. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, *4*, 93. 
[16] Magagula, B., & Tsvakirai, C. Z. (2020). Youth perceptions of agriculture: Influence of cognitive processes on participation in agripreneurship. Development in Practice, *30*(2), 234-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1670138 
[17] Njeru, L. K. (2017). Youth in agriculture: Perceptions and challenges for enhanced participation in Kajiado North Sub-County, Kenya. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, *7*(8), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJAS.2017.8.100117141 
[18] Nwibo, S. U., Mbam, B. N., & Biam, C. K. (2016). Determinants of agripreneurship among the rural households of Ishielu local government area of Ebonyi State. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234662051.pdf 
[19] Onuka, O. I. (2017). Reversing Nigeria's food import dependency - Agricultural transformation. 
[20] Ouko, K. O., Ogola, J. R. O., Ng'ong'a, C. A., & Wairimu, J. R. (2022). Youth involvement in agripreneurship as nexus for poverty reduction and rural employment in Kenya. Cogent Social Sciences, *8*(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2078527 
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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of some storage methods in controlling the effect of Lesser Grain Borer (LGB) on rice quality during storage. The experiment consisted of four treatment storage methods and laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Ten unsexed adults LGB were then introduced into a jar containing 200 g of rice grains and kept for 7 days under ambient conditions. Data were collected on the percentage mortality, weight loss, and 100 seeds weight loss and were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and SAS (Statistical software version 9.0) and means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at a five percent level of significance (P ≤ 0.05). Percentage weight loss was impacted by the storage method in a highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) and floor storage gave the highest percentage weight loss of 9.12% whereas metallic and plastic containers had the lowest percentage weight loss (5.57% and 4% respectively). Similarly, it affected adult mortality of the lesser grain borer in a highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) with highest number of dead insects at 21 days (5.33 from jute bag and 4.67 from metallic jar). However, at 21 days, mortality was also highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) and polythene bag gave the highest value of 2.67 while lowest value was recorded of 0.00 floor storage. Plastic containers is the best for reducing percentage weight loss during storage of rice while polyethylene, plastic and metallic containers are the best for controlling Lesser Grain Borer during rice storage.. 

Keywords: Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, Oryza sativa.

References

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[5] Ahmad, R., Hassan, S., Ahmad, S., Nighat, S., Devi, Y. K., Javeed, K., Usmani, S., Ansari, M. J., Erturk, S., Alkan, M., & Hussain, B. (2021). Stored grain pests and current advances for their management. In Postharvest technology - Recent advances, new perspectives and applications (pp. 1-38). IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101503 
[6] Ahmed, M., Abdullahi, M. A., Tame, V. T., & Gungula, D. T. (2024). Effects of postharvest management on the nutrient content of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers during storage. Agricultural Sciences, *16*(40), 90-99.  https://doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2024.40.008 
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Abstract

Sustaining human crews through multi-year interplanetary missions demands a food and life-support paradigm that extends far beyond calorie provisioning. This review synthesizes the emerging discipline of Space Horticulture — defined as the sovereign confluence of plant science, survival engineering, and human sustenance dedicated to nourishing, healing, and psychologically anchoring astronauts across long-duration deep-space journeys — and situates it within contemporary aerospace bioregenerative research, plant stress physiology, and ancient Vedic nutritional philosophy. Drawing on internationally established programmes, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Veggie and Advanced Plant Habitat platforms, the NASA Deep Space Food Challenge, the European Space Agency (ESA) Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA), and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Compact Research Module for Orbital Plant Studies (CROPS), the paper traces the transition from mechanical life-support hardware toward closed-loop, bioregenerative ecosystems. It further reviews recent empirical evidence on plant physiological responses to microgravity, altered gravity, and ionising radiation; the emergence of duckweed (Wolffia spp.) as a rapid-cycle protein crop; comparative water-use efficiency of aeroponic and hydroponic cultivation; lunar and Martian regolith bio-conditioning strategies; the documented psychological benefits of crew horticultural activity; and the radioprotective role of dietary phytochemicals. The review then presents, in detail, the author's own three-dimensional (3D) printed nutrient-delivery research reported in the Dr. Jadala Shankaraswamy's book, Space Horticulture (Narendra Publishing House, 2026, ISBN 978-93-7763116-1) — believed to be the first global attempt at fabricating plant-based, fast-dissolving oral dispersible films (ODF) from shelf-stable powders of underutilised ethnic vegetables, namely Spine Gourd (Momordica dioica), Chekurmanis (Sauropus androgynus), and Alternanthera (Alternanthera sessilis), bound with Moringa gum and stimulated by Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx powder. The films demonstrated a saliva dissolution time of 115.55 ± 2.00 seconds, tensile strength of 1.394 ± 0.06 kg/mm², swelling index of 43.68 ± 2.55%, and were characterised by High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) to contain 136 bioactive phytochemicals, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) confirming 11 essential minerals, and Mass Spectrometry Quadrupole Time-of-Flight (MS-QTOF) profiling identifying 17 amino acids. These findings are interpreted as a mucosal, crumb-free nutrient delivery route uniquely suited to countering microgravity-induced gastrointestinal ('space-gut') malabsorption while simultaneously supplying radioprotective phytochemical load. The review concludes with a forward look toward lunar and Martian horticultural infrastructure including regolith bio-conditioning, aeroponic and hydroponic cultivation, robotic 3D-printed habitat construction, and India's Bharatiya Antariksha Station and Vision 2047 roadmap — arguing that the fusion of Vedic Prana-centred nutritional philosophy with cutting-edge additive food-manufacturing technology and validated plant-stress science constitutes a credible and culturally-rooted pathway toward Earth-independent, psychologically resilient deep-space food systems. 

Keywords: Space Horticulture; Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS); 3D-Printed Oral Dispersible Films; Life Force Foods (Prāṇa); MELiSSA; Deep Space Food Challenge; Lunar Regolith; Radioprotective Phytochemicals.

References

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[4] Shankaraswamy, J. (2026). Space horticulture: A future green shield with life force foods: A narrative Vedic nexus to sustain astronauts on deep space journeys. Narendra Publishing House.

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Abstract

Lead (Pb) contamination in agricultural soil poses serious risks to crop productivity and food safety. This study investigated the effects of N-ZEO-SR Plus fertilizer dosage and Pb concentration on the growth and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.), as well as on Pb content in soil and seeds, and their interactions. A randomized block design (RBD) with two factors was employed: N-ZEO-SR Plus fertilizer dose (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha⁻¹) and Pb concentration (0, 50, and 100 ppm), with three replications. N-ZEO-SR Plus fertilizer significantly increased the number of leaves at 6 weeks after planting (WAP) (R² = 0.937, linear), chlorophyll content (optimum at 111.33 kg ha⁻¹, quadratic), and seed weight per plant, while significantly reducing soil Pb content (R² = 0.906, linear). Pb concentration significantly increased soil Pb content (R² = 0.957) and the percentage of Pb reduction (R² = 0.891), but did not affect growth or yield variables. Significant interactions between N-ZEO-SR Plus and Pb were observed for the number of filled pods, chlorophyll content, soil Pb content, and Pb reduction percentage. The interaction revealed competitive ion exchange at the highest combination (150 kg ha⁻¹ N-ZEO-SR Plus + 100 ppm Pb), where NH₄⁺ displaced adsorbed Pb²⁺ from zeolite exchange sites. All soybean seed samples exceeded the 0.5 ppm maximum permissible Pb limit (Permentan No. 53/2018), indicating that N-ZEO-SR Plus alone is insufficient to reduce seed Pb to safe levels. Moderate N-ZEO-SR Plus application (100 kg ha⁻¹) provided the best balance between growth enhancement and Pb immobilization. 

Keywords: Heavy metals, Lead, N-ZEO-SR Plus, Zeolite, Soybean, Ion exchange, Soil remediation, Glycine max, Slow- release fertilizer, Heavy metal immobilization, Phytoremediation. I. INTRODU

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Abstract

Eco-Friendly Farming Practices (EFFPs) are vital components of sustainable agriculture, particularly in regions such as Embu County, Kenya, which are vulnerable to climate change impacts, where smallholder farmers contend with soil degradation, irregular rainfall, and food insecurity. This paper explores the perceptions and attitudes of household heads regarding the adoption of EFFPs, as part of a broader thesis on the determinants of adoption. Perceptions relate to farmers' cognitive assessments of the benefits and risks associated with EFFPs, whereas attitudes reflect emotional predispositions that influence behavioural intentions. Employing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected and analyzed from 402 household heads across Embu East, North, and West sub-counties. The findings reveal favourable perceptions of the environmental advantages of EFFPs (average score 4.2 out of 5), yet show less favourable attitudes toward obstacles to adoption, such as high initial costs (average score 2.8 out of 5). Households led by women exhibited more positive attitudes (average score of 4.1 out of 5), partly attributable to agency driven by migration, in contrast to regional trends. The study, grounded in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), underscores how subjective norms and perceived behavioural control influence adoption rates. Recent literature indicates that, in Kenya, approximately 60-70% of farmers perceive Climate Smart Agriculture (similar to EFFPs) as beneficial; however, resource constraints present significant barriers to widespread adoption. The recommendations advocate targeted extension services and campaigns to shift perceptions. This research makes a substantial contribution to Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 13 by promoting perception-focused interventions that foster equitable adoption and enhance resilience within smallholder agroecosystems.

Keywords: Perception, Attitude, EFFPs, Adoption, Households.

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Abstract

This paper sets out to study the re-focusing of animal management education to encourage nomadic career life skills in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The National Commission for Nomadic Education (NCNE) is charged with the responsibility of providing education to children whose parents are in nomadic life, as well as adult and non-formal sectors. The paper is based on two research questions, two objectives, and two corresponding hypotheses tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The research design for this study is correlation research design, and it used a multistage sampling technique in selecting 465 respondents comprising 12 supervisors, 51 head teachers, 228 nomadic teachers, 153 pupils, and 51 parents. The instruments for data collection include a questionnaire, observation checklist, and interview guides. The hypotheses were tested using simple linear regression analysis at a 0.05 level of significance. The first hypothesis revealed an unstandardized coefficient value of 0.341 and p = 0.00, which is less than the hypothetical value of 0.05. This stated that elementary science encourages nomadic education curriculum on critical thinking in Adamawa State. The second hypothesis revealed an unstandardized coefficient value of 0.434, with p = 0.00, which is less than the hypothetical value of 0.05. This stated that animal management induces nomadic career life skills in Adamawa State. The acceptance of all alternative hypotheses makes it feasible for the study to conclude that animal management encourages nomadic career life skills in Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study recommends, among others, that key actors (teachers) in nomadic schools should be provided with career life skills to encourage nomadic career life skills. 

Keywords: Re-focusing, Animal Management, Nomadic Career Life Skills, Adamawa State, Nomadic education, Agricultural education, Livestock management, Career development, Pastoralists.

References

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Abstract

The global agricultural sector faces an unprecedented convergence of challenges: population growth, accelerating climate variability, and chronic food insecurity. Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies have emerged as transformative instruments capable of reshaping agribusiness value chains and enabling evidence-based policymaking at scale. This paper examines how data-driven policymaking can advance sustainable agribusiness development in Nigeria—Africa's largest economy—with particular focus on how AI technologies proven in the United States, the Netherlands, Japan, and Australia can be directly replicated and adapted for the Nigerian context. Nigeria's agricultural sector, contributing 24.8 percent of GDP and employing over 70 percent of the rural population, stands at a critical inflection point characterized by profound dualities of latent potential and systematic underperformance. The paper maps specific replication pathways across six priority domains: satellite crop monitoring, AI-powered market intelligence, precision agriculture for smallholders, agricultural finance and index insurance, supply chain optimization, and national data infrastructure. Drawing on proven pilot programs already operational in Nigeria, the paper presents eight integrated, actionable policy recommendations spanning data infrastructure establishment, national governance frameworks, digital extension services, AI innovation funding, broadband connectivity, and evidence-based monitoring architecture. Together, these constitute a coherent digital transformation agenda capable of closing Nigeria's productivity gap and positioning the country as a continental leader in sustainable agribusiness development. 

Keywords: Agribusiness, Artificial intelligence, Data-driven policy, Digital agriculture, Food security, Nigeria, Precision agriculture, Agricultural policy, Digital transformation, Smallholder farmers.

References

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Abstract

The research was conducted to study the performance of Yankasa rams fed molasses-treated masakwa stover supplemented with different levels of water hyacinth. The experiments were conducted at the Federal College of Education, Yola Teaching and Research Farm. The objective of the study was to determine the nutrient digestibility of Yankasa rams fed molasses-treated masakwa stover supplemented with different levels of water hyacinth. The chemical composition of the masakwa plant was determined; dry matter (DM) ranged from 91.35% in week four (4) to 92.43% in week sixteen (16), crude protein (CP) from 8.75% in week four (4) to 10.60% in week sixteen (16), crude fiber (CF) from 9.35% to 20.36% from week four (4) to sixteen (16), ether extract (EE) from 0.94% to 2.29% from week four (4) to week sixteen (16), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) from 51.44% to 76.93% from week four (4) to sixteen (16), and ash from 4.03% to 15.31% from week four (4) to sixteen (16), respectively. The nutrient digestibility of Yankasa rams recorded dry matter digestibility (DMD) (51.46 to 60.72%), crude protein digestibility (CPD) (63.46 to 70.90%), crude fiber digestibility (CFD) (70.66 to 87.27%), ether extract digestibility (EED) (79.55 to 87.27%), nitrogen-free extract (66.79 to 71.01%), acid detergent fiber (ADF) (52.02 to 60.45%), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (70.12 to 79.12%). The highest values (79.55 to 87.27%) were recorded in crude fiber digestibility (CFD) and ether extract digestibility (EED). The study concluded that supplementing molasses-treated masakwa stover with water hyacinth significantly improved the digestibility of crude protein and energy in Yankasa rams. It is recommended that farmers in this region should consider incorporating water hyacinth into the diets of Yankasa rams to improve feed intake and utilization. Further research should be conducted to evaluate the long-term effects of water hyacinth supplementation on ram 
productivity and health. 

Keywords: Nutrient digestibility, Yankasa rams, Molasses, Treated masakwa stover, Water hyacinth, Feed utilization, Crop residues, Small ruminants, Nigeria, Ruminant nutrition.

References

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Abstract

This study examines the influence of Christian religious practices on agripreneurial productivity and sustainability in Adamawa State, Nigeria. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were collected from a sample of 90 respondents, including agripreneurs, religious leaders, and agricultural stakeholders, using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were employed for data analysis. The findings reveal that Christian religious practices significantly influence agripreneurial behavior, with 72% of respondents affirming that religious teachings shape their work ethics, while 68% reported practicing honesty and fairness due to their faith. Correlation analysis indicates a positive and statistically significant relationship (r = 0.61, p < 0.05) between Christian values and agripreneurial productivity. Additionally, faith-based institutions contribute to agribusiness development through training, financial support, and cooperative networks. However, challenges such as inadequate capital, poor infrastructure, and limited market access continue to hinder agripreneurial growth. The study concludes that integrating Christian ethical values with modern agricultural practices and policy support can enhance productivity and sustainability. It recommends strengthening faith-based agricultural initiatives and improving access to finance and infrastructure to promote agripreneurship in Adamawa State. 

Keywords: Agripreneurship, Christian religion, Productivity, Sustainability, Adamawa State, Agricultural entrepreneurship, Faith-based development, Rural development, Nigeria, Christian education.

References

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Abstract

Financial literacy is a key factor in improving access to microfinance by small-scale fisheries entrepreneurs. Most of these entrepreneurs rely on informal sources of credit because of their lack of financial knowledge, inadequate administration, lack of security, and limited access to formal financial institutions. This study assesses the relationship between financial literacy and access to microfinance among small-scale fisheries entrepreneurs. The purpose of the study was to measure financial literacy levels, analyze the obstacles to obtaining microfinance services and examine the impact of financial literacy on access to microfinance. A quantitative research approach was used and data were collected from 360 small-scale fisheries entrepreneurs through a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods involving one-sample t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analysis. Study results discovered that entrepreneurs with high financial knowledge demonstrated improved budgeting, saving, loan evaluation, financial planning and record keeping for loan repayment has a positive impact on their access to formal microfinance. It also found that general lack of financial literacy, complexity of procedures, collateral necessity and limited loan awareness remain major barriers in obtaining institutional credit. Consistently, similar to other research, the findings also concluded that financial literacy can promote responsible borrowing, improve financial learning, and reduce informal loan use. Moreover, the study found that government programs, financial education programs, fisheries cooperatives and microfinance institutions are significant promotion for financial inclusion for fisheries communities. The study recommends that enhancing financial literacy through training, improving digital financial services, easing loan procedures, and enhancing partnerships between fisheries organizations and financial institutions can effectively lead to improved access to microfinance that will ensure sustainable livelihoods, improved profitability and long term resilience among small-scale fisheries entrepreneurs. 

Keywords: Financial Literacy, Microfinance Access, Small Scale Fisheries Entrepreneur, Financial Inclusion, Fisheries Finance, Microfinance Institutions, Financial Decision Making, Sustainable Livelihoods.

References

[1] Atkinson, A., & Messy, F.-A. (2012). Measuring financial literacy: Results of the OECD/International Network on Financial Education (INFE) pilot study. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en 
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[3] Ledgerwood, J. (2013). The new microfinance handbook: A financial market system perspective. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8927-0 
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Abstract

Digital marketing has become integral to modern business practice, yet its adoption among small-scale fisheries enterprises remains limited and understudied. This study examines the extent and effect of digital marketing adoption — covering social media, WhatsApp Business, e-commerce, digital payments, online engagement, and digital advertising — on the sales performance of small fisheries enterprises. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 330 respondents through a structured, five-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered via simple random sampling. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and correlation analysis were applied. Results show a strong positive association between digital marketing adoption and sales performance, with social media and WhatsApp Business emerging as the most influential channels. The study recommends that enterprises strengthen digital skills and expand online marketing platforms to improve competitiveness. 

Keywords: Social Media Marketing, WhatsApp Business, E-commerce Adoption, Customer Engagement.

References

[1] Deku, W. A., Wang, J., & Preko, A. K. (2024). Digital marketing and small and medium-sized enterprises' business performance in emerging markets. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, *18*(3), 251-269. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-07-2022-0069 
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[4] Titiloye, T. A., Elegbede, I. O., Obalola, M., Yinusa, S. A., Oluwatayo, R. M., & Animashaun, M. (2025). Exploring digital marketing adoption and practices in Nigeria's fishery market: Insights from entrepreneurial experiences. Elicit Journal of Economics and Management Studies, *1*(1), 96-110. https://doi.org/10.65820/ejems-6vol1-issue1-2025. 

Abstract

With the rise of vegan diets and increased reports of lactose intolerance, plant-based diets, including plant-based milk products (PBMP), offer an interesting alternative. In addition, PBMP, as a treasure trove of bioactive compounds, is reported to improve human health by promoting food sustainability, reducing environmental pollution, and supporting an eco-friendly approach. PBMP are milk analogues produced from plant sources, comprising dispersed particles of plant matrices. They are water-soluble extracts of plants formulated to mimic animal milk. A wide range of PBMPs that are convenient, affordable, sustainable, and rich in nutrients are now being developed by the food industry. The current review focuses on the current knowledge in this important area of food technology, with implications for improving nutrition and health. By reviewing the background literature on sources, the subsequent chapter focuses on the sensory and physico-chemical properties. The nutrition and health aspects, coupled with the bioavailability of these fortified milks, are discussed in detail. The biotechnological prospects and current trends form the last section. In summary, these plant-fortified milks are a complete package of health- and nutrition-promoting, environmentally sustainable milk products.

Keywords: Plant-Based Milk; Functional Foods; Bioactive Compounds; Nutraceuticals; Biotechnology; Sustainability; Food Fortification

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Abstract

This study investigates how climate variability shapes GDP structural risk in Sudan's agricultural systems, with a particular focus on rainfed agriculture and livestock-based production systems. Unlike irrigated agriculture, both systems operate under climate-dependent conditions, making them highly sensitive to rainfall variability, temperature extremes, and seasonal uncertainty. The analysis integrates agro-climatic conditions, probability distribution functions, and spatial econometric techniques to examine how environmental variability translates into sectoral economic outcomes.

The empirical results reveal a clear structural divergence between rainfed crop and livestock systems. In rainfed agricultural zones such as Gedaref, characterized by rainfall variability ranging from 300 to 800 mm and growing seasons of 57 to 117 days, crop production exhibits relatively stable but low GDP contributions, constrained by seasonal dependence and limited productivity. In contrast, livestock systems in Darfur and Kordofan operate under lower and more variable rainfall conditions (150–530 mm) and grazing-based production, leading to higher average GDP contributions but with substantial volatility. Probability distribution analysis confirms this distinction: crop GDP is characterized by narrow and approximately symmetric distributions, whereas livestock GDP displays wide, positively skewed, and heavy-tailed distributions, reflecting significant exposure to extreme outcomes and systemic risk. Spatial econometric results further indicate significant clustering of vulnerability and resilience across regions, suggesting that climate-induced risks are geographically concentrated and subject to spillover effects.

The key contribution of this study is the development of a unified analytical framework that combines climate variability, distribution-based risk analysis, and spatial econometrics to quantify structural GDP risk in agricultural systems. The findings demonstrate that rainfed and livestock systems embody a fundamental trade-off between stability and volatility, providing new empirical insights into how climate-dependent production systems transmit environmental shocks into macroeconomic instability. These results offer a strong basis for designing targeted, climate-informed policies to enhance resilience in rainfed agricultural economies.

Keywords: Climate variability, Rainfed agriculture, Livestock systems, GDP structural risk, Probability distribution analysis, Spatial econometrics, SAR and SDM model, Climate shocks impact, Spatial dependence, NARDL asymmetric effects.

References

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Abstract

A laboratory investigation was conducted during 2020 and 2021 at Biocontrol Laboratory, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, to test the efficacy of different entomopathogenic fungi against sapota fruit mite, Tuckerella kumaonensis Gupta infesting sapota. Among the various entomopathogenic fungi, the treatment of Beauveria bassiana (1×10⁸ cfu/g) @ 4g/l found significantly superior (62.03% mortality) over the rest of the treatments. However, the treatment of Lecanicillium lecanii (1×10⁸ cfu/g) @ 4g/l registered 45.41 per cent mortality and found the next best treatment against sapota fruit mite and was statistically at par with the treatment of Metarhizium anisopliae (1×10⁸ cfu/g) @ 4g/l (42.39% mortality). The treatments of Hirsutella thompsonii (1×10⁸ cfu/g) @ 4g/l found to be least effective against sapota fruit mite (31.04% mortality).

Keywords: Sapota, fruit mite, Tuckerella kumaonensis, entomopathogenic fungi, bio-efficacy.

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Abstract

Horticultural crops—fruits, vegetables, plantation crops, flowers, spices and medicinal plants—form the nutritional and economic backbone of India's agricultural sector. However, they face persistent challenges of yield variability, water and nutrient inefficiency, pest and disease pressure and post-harvest losses. This review synthesises the transformative role of Remote Sensing (RS) and Machine Learning (ML) in enabling futuristic, sustainable and precision horticulture. The evolution of agricultural production systems from Agriculture 1.0 to Agriculture 5.0 is traced, followed by a comprehensive discussion of RS principles, elements, four fundamental resolutions (spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric), and multi-platform architectures (satellite, aerial, UAV, ground-based). A parallel taxonomy of ML—supervised, semi-supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement and deep-learning frameworks—is presented, with emphasis on Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, XGBoost, and Convolutional Neural Network algorithms most widely applied to horticultural datasets. Five representative case studies are analysed in depth: (i) UAV multispectral + ensemble learning for leaf nitrogen monitoring in custard apple [1]; (ii) hyperspectral + ANN / RF / DT models for mango and strawberry fruit-quality parameters [2]; (iii) UAV-hyperspectral detection of citrus canker [3]; (iv) machine-learning-based crop recommendation under NPK, pH and climatic variables [4]; and (v) RS + GIS soil-site suitability for six major fruit crops in the Ganjigatti sub-watershed, Karnataka [5]. National platforms such as CHAMAN, Bhoonidhi, Bhuvan and PMFBY are reviewed as operational demonstrations of the RS + ML value chain. Finally, technical, economic and ethical challenges—ground-truth scarcity, sensor cost, model interpretability, digital divide and data privacy—are discussed, and a way forward for Indian horticulture in the Agriculture 5.0 era is proposed.

Keywords: Remote sensing, machine learning, precision horticulture, UAV, hyperspectral imaging, vegetation indices, XGBoost, convolutional neural network, Agriculture 5.0, decision support system.

References

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Abstract

The project encompasses the investigation of the presence of Megalocytivirus pagrus 1 (subtype ISKNV) in fish (Oreochromis niloticus), which has serious implications for animal health, public health and agribusiness. We aimed at the prospection and detection of ISKNV with molecular and histological techniques. Viral fish diseases caused by viruses of the family Iridoviridae, to which ISKNV belongs, are distributed worldwide and represent a real threat to the expansion of the global aquaculture system, due to their pathogenicity, which causes significant economic losses. Thus, the improvement and application of existing diagnostic techniques become necessary to control or prevent the advance of this virosis among countries and in Brazil. In addition, studies in our field that aim to detect and characterize them in a more comprehensive way are scarce. We were able to evidence the presence of the virus through clinical signs during the experiment, detection of genetic material by conventional PCR and by the presence of inclusion bodies, identified by histopathological analysis. We observed a higher infection rate in the period of 14 days after infection by intraperitoneal viral inoculation, as well as greater viral proliferation in the treatment submitted to stress, however without resulting in mortality.

Keywords: Megalocytivirus pagrus 1 (ISKNV), Oreochromis niloticus, Diagnostic techniques.

References

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Abstract

Papillomatosis is an emerging infectious disease that causes significant economic losses in intensive and semi-intensive buffalo production systems. In dairy herds, the disease impairs milking, causes cutaneous lesions and bleeding, and predisposes animals to mastitis. In beef production systems, the main impacts include reduced weight gain, hide damage, and increased veterinary care costs. The disease may occur in cutaneous and mucosal forms. The cutaneous form is characterized by the presence of warts or fibropapillomas distributed throughout different regions of the body, whereas the mucosal form is associated with bovine enzootic hematuria and urinary bladder carcinogenesis. The lesions observed include papillomas, fibropapillomas, and fibromas, as well as verrucous lesions affecting the mucosa of the rumen, oral cavity, esophagus, and amniotic membrane. Transmission occurs mainly from animal to animal and is facilitated by injuries to the skin and mucous membranes caused by fences, water troughs, feeding troughs, or instruments used for animal restraint. Bovine papillomaviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the family Papillomaviridae. In 1993, fibropapilloma samples from five buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) originating from a farm located in the municipality of Registro, São Paulo State, Brazil, were submitted to the Electron Microscopy Laboratory of the Biological Institute, São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were processed using transmission electron microscopy, negative staining, and resin embedding techniques. In all samples, a large number of non-enveloped papillomavirus particles with icosahedral symmetry were observed. These particles were characterized as "full" and "empty" virions, measuring approximately 60 nm in diameter. In ultrathin sections of papilloma fragments, intracytoplasmic viral particles measuring approximately 30 nm in diameter were observed, associated with thickening of the plasma membrane, which exhibited a serrated appearance. In addition, intranuclear viral particles and membrane-bound intracytoplasmic vacuoles were identified. In the reticular layer, a nucleus with an irregular contour, marginalized chromatin, and the presence of viral particles was observed. The results confirm the occurrence of papillomatosis in buffaloes and demonstrate the importance of electron microscopy for the rapid diagnosis and morphological characterization of the viral agent.

Keywords: Papillomatosis, Buffaloes, Transmission electron microscopy.

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Abstract

The science of manipulating materials at the nano-scale is known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is a key component of the most recent advancements in technology. Precision farming will come from the use of minimal pesticides and herbicides as well as increased efficiency, controlled release, and application to a specific target. Crop improvement is a constant process in agriculture. The management of perennial weeds and the degradation of the weed seed bank are issues that are being tackled through the development of nano-herbicides. This technology also emphasizes the development of nano-herbicides to deal with weed control and details of potential applications and strategies for weed management using nanotechnology.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, nano-herbicides, nanoparticles, Weed management, Agriculture.

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Abstract

Horticultural crop improvement is moving from a plant-centred model toward a soil-plant-microbiome framework in which host genotype, root-zone biology and the production environment are considered together. Microbiome-assisted breeding (MAB) aims to select plant genotypes that recruit, accommodate or respond to microbial communities capable of improving nutrient acquisition, soil fertility, disease suppression, abiotic-stress resilience, fruit quality and post-harvest performance. This review synthesizes the current basis of holobiont engineering with a primary focus on soil and plant-associated microbes of horticultural crops. The rhizosphere, rhizoplane, root endosphere, seed, flower and fruit compartments are considered as connected but functionally distinct microbial habitats. Important microbial groups include arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria, diazotrophs, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi, actinobacteria, Trichoderma, endophytes, yeasts and defined synthetic communities. Recent literature highlights three developments: regulation of rhizosphere microbiomes by host traits and management, microbiome-interactive traits as potential breeding targets, and rhizosphere hybridization or microbiome engineering to build climate-smart and disease-suppressive soils. However, microbial abundance alone is not evidence of function, and inoculants frequently perform inconsistently when they cannot establish within a compatible native community. A practical MAB pipeline should combine host genotyping, soil physicochemical analysis, 16S/ITS or shotgun sequencing, culturomics, metabolomics, causal inoculation, synthetic-community testing and multi-environment validation. The review proposes priority research pathways for fruit, vegetable, spice, ornamental and underutilized crops and emphasizes that plant genotype × microbiome × soil management interactions must be measured explicitly. MAB should therefore complement—not replace—conventional breeding, crop management, conservation and farmer knowledge.

Keywords: holobiont; horticultural crops; soil microbiome; rhizosphere; plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; microbiome-assisted breeding; synthetic communities; climate-resilient horticulture.

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Abstract

Soybean is a major oilseed crop important for nutrition and agro-industrial development in India and Maharashtra as well. The study analyzes seasonal variation, trends in arrivals and prices, and price variability using time series analysis. Time series data on monthly arrivals and prices of soybean were collected from five major APMC markets (Latur, Amravati, Khamgaon, Jalna and Hinganghat) in Maharashtra for a period of 16 years (2009–2024). Seasonal patterns 
in arrivals and prices were analyzed using seasonal indices and measures of intra-year and inter-year variability. The study analyzed seasonal indices and variability of soybean arrivals and prices across major markets in Maharashtra. Arrivals were highly concentrated during post-harvest months (October–November), while prices were higher during lean periods, 
indicating a significant inverse relationship. Intra-year analysis showed that arrivals fluctuated more than prices, whereas prices remained relatively stable. Inter-year analysis also confirmed higher variability in arrivals compared to prices across markets. These variations are mainly influenced by production, climatic conditions, and supply factors. Overall, storage and steady demand help in maintaining price stability despite fluctuations in arrivals. 

Keywords: Seasonal indices, Intra-year variability, Coefficient of variation, Soybean arrivals and prices, Trend.

References

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Abstract

Dietary supplementation with herbal extract and plant-based additives in aquaculture has been noted for various beneficial roles; to increase fish production through the improvement of immunity and other physiological dysfunctions related to fish health. A 56 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed turmeric (Curcuma longa) based diet. Ten fish were stocked in twelve tanks each subjected to four treatments with three replicates. Four experimental treatments were formulated with varying Curcuma longa concentration included at 0% (Control), 1%, 3% and 5% with the treatments designated as D1 (Control), D2, D3 and D4 respectively. The growth performances, nutrients utilisation as well as the effects of the diets on the water quality were determined. Fish fed D4 with an inclusion level of 5% C. longa gave the least growth performance in terms of mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Fish fed D2 with an inclusion level of 1% of C. longa had the best food conversion ratio (FCR) and followed by the fish fed D3 which had 3% inclusion of C. longa. The FCR of the fish fed D2 and D3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fish fed other diets. Based on this study, it was concluded that the inclusion of turmeric in the diet of Clarias gariepinus should be minimized specifically within the range of 1% to 3% to enhance growth performance and improve nutrient utilization of the fish.

Keywords: Clarias gariepinus; turmeric (Curcuma longa); growth performance; nutrient utilization, survival rate.

References

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Abstract

Solanum surattense Burm.f. (Solanaceae) is a medicinally important herb widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of India, including the arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan. The species is valued for its diverse ethnomedicinal and pharmacological properties and has been extensively studied for its phytochemical constituents. However, limited information is available regarding its biochemical adaptations to environmental stress, particularly proline metabolism. Proline is a key osmoprotectant that accumulates in plants under adverse conditions and plays a significant role in osmotic adjustment, membrane stabilization, redox regulation, and stress tolerance. The present study aimed to evaluate the organ-specific distribution of free proline in S. surattense collected from the Atoon region of Bhilwara District, Rajasthan. Free proline content was estimated in root, stem, leaf, fruit, and seed samples using the acid-ninhydrin colorimetric method of Bates et al. (1973), and absorbance was measured at 540 nm. The results revealed marked variation in proline accumulation among different plant organs. The highest proline content was recorded in the stem (0.4660 mg/gdw), followed by fruit (0.3731 mg/gdw), seed (0.2840 mg/gdw), leaf (0.1811 mg/gdw), and root (0.1462 mg/gdw). The stem exhibited nearly threefold higher proline concentration than the root, suggesting its important role in osmotic regulation, metabolite transport, and physiological adaptation under water-limited conditions. Moderate accumulation in fruits and seeds may be associated with reproductive development and storage functions. The observed pattern highlights the differential allocation of proline within plant organs and reflects the adaptive strategies of S. surattense in semi-arid environments. These findings provide baseline biochemical information and contribute to understanding the stress physiology and ecological resilience of this medicinally important species.

Keywords: Solanum surattense, free proline, specific organ accumulation, osmoprotectant, acid-ninhydrin technique, stress physiology, Rajasthan.

References

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Abstract

Leaf blight caused by Colletotrichum truncatum is an important fungal disease of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) that can reduce crop growth and productivity. Considering the ecological concerns associated with excessive fungicide use, the present study evaluated the in vitro efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens against C. truncatum using the dual culture technique. Among T. asperellum treatments, T₁ showed the greatest antagonistic activity, restricting pathogen growth to 25.40 ± 0.52 mm with 70.80% inhibition, followed by T₂ (26.80 ± 0.63 mm; 69.20%) and T₃ (27.65 ± 0.58 mm; 68.22%), compared with 87.00 ± 0.00 mm in the control. Among P. fluorescens treatments, T₂ was most effective, limiting mycelial growth to 29.10 ± 0.56 mm and achieving 66.65% inhibition, followed by T₁ (31.25 ± 0.78 mm; 64.18%) and T₃ (32.53 ± 0.75 mm; 62.72%), against 87.25 ± 0.73 mm in the control. Overall, T. asperellum exhibited superior antagonistic activity. This study demonstrates that promising biocontrol agents identified through in vitro screening could serve as environmentally compatible components of an integrated disease management strategy for the management of C. truncatum-induced leaf blight in linseed.

Keywords: Antagonism, biocontrol agents, biological control, Colletotrichum truncatum, dual culture technique, leaf blight, linseed.

References

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Abstract

Screening of 23 rice promising genotypes based on per cent damaged leaves revealed that eleven genotypes were found moderately resistant viz., Kala Namak (12.32%), GNR-3 (13.41%), GNR-5 (13.45%), GRH-2 (13.92%), GNR-7 (14.43%), GR-15 (16.02%), Mahsuri (16.52%), GNRH-1 (16.62%), GR-17 (16.89%), GNR-2 (19.02%) and NVSR-396 (19.34%) (Scale-3). Whereas, two genotypes were found susceptible i.e. GNR-4 (37.32%) and GR-11 (39.11%) (Scale-7) and one genotype TN-1 (54.86%) was found the highly susceptible (Scale-9). The plant height exhibited the highly significant negative correlation with per cent damaged leaves (r = -0.6157) and number of larvae (r = -0.5621), while others parameters were found non-significant positive and negative correlation. The highest grain and straw yield were recorded in GRH-2 (5946 & 6667 kg/ha) and lowest were recorded in TN-1 (3874 and 4559 kg/ha), respectively. Grain and straw yield exhibited the highly significant negative correlation with per cent damaged leaves (r = -0.5882 and r = -0.5828, respectively) and number of larvae (r = -0.5776 and r = -0.5711, respectively) indicated that there was decrease in yield with increase in infestation and vice-versa.

Keywords: Rice, Screening, Morphological traits, Leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis.

References

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7. Netam, C. S., & Gupta, A. K. (2015). Seasonal incidence of rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in agro climatic condition of at baster plateau zone. Annals of Plant and Soil Research, *17*(1), 24-28.
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Abstract

Investigations on impact of chemical constitution of leaves on per cent damaged leaves and number of larvae showed the highly significant positive correlation with nitrogen (r=0.8899 and 0.8768) and phosphorus (r=0.7623 and 0.7756, respectively) content. However, per cent damaged leaves and number of larvae showed non-significant positive correlation with magnesium (r=0.2699 and 0.1999), sulphur (r=0.1523 and 0.0310), iron (r=0.1322 and 0.0338,) and zinc (r=0.3023 and 0.3668, respectively) contents. Whereas, per cent damaged leaves and number of larvae showed the highly significant negative correlation with potassium content (r=-0.8240 and -0.7937), non-significant negative correlation with calcium (r=-0.3229 and -0.3243), manganese (r=-0.1946 and -0.2801) and copper (r=-0.1248 and -0.0751, respectively) contents. The results on biochemical constitution of leaves of test genotypes revealed that per cent damaged leaves and number of larvae showed the highly significant positive correlation with crude protein (r=0.9025 and 0.8838), total chlorophyll (r=0.8749 and 0.8234), total soluble sugar (r=0.8338 and 0.8163) and moisture (r=0.5263 and 0.5534, respectively) content.

Keywords: Rice, Screening, Chemical, Biochemical, Resistance, Leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis.

References

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Abstract

Soil quality is a crucial determinant of agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability. This study investigates the role of vermicompost as an effective amendment for revitalizing soil quality at St. Philomena's College (Autonomous) Mysore, focusing on its effects on physicochemical properties, biological activity and overall soil health. Vermicompost is the product of organic waste processing by earthworms, resulting in a nutrient-rich material that enhances soil structure, fertility and microbial diversity. Field experiments were conducted across diverse agro-ecosystems within the college's agricultural research facilities to assess the impact of varying vermicompost application rates on soil characteristics and plant growth. Key parameters measured included soil pH, organic matter content, nutrient availability (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), microbial biomass, and plant growth metrics such as height, biomass. The results indicated significant improvements in soil structure, with increased aggregation and porosity, which facilitated enhanced water retention and aeration. Notably, vermicompost application led to a marked increase in organic matter levels, providing a sustained release of essential nutrients over time. Additionally, the combination of vermicompost with other organic amendments significantly increased plant growth parameters. For instance, studies have shown that vermicompost can enhance plant height by up to 26% and total biomass by 13% compared to controls. The also highlight the potential of vermicompost not only to ameliorate degraded soils but also to serve as a viable strategy for organic waste management. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating vermicompost into soil management regimes at St. Philomena's College to promote long-term soil health, enhance agricultural productivity including significant increases in plant growth and mitigate environmental impacts from conventional farming practices. Overall, vermicompost emerges as a multifaceted solution for revitalizing soil quality and improving plant growth, underscoring the need for broader adoption in modern agricultural systems.

Keywords: Revitalization, Vermicompost, mitigation, pH, Organic material.

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